Kemalism radically differentiates itself from the previous Ottomanism and Islamism movements in terms of who the nation is. It also ideologically transforms the concept of Turkism from the Ottoman period and places it on the basis of the new secular republic. The understanding of Kemalist nationalism is not expansionist and irredentist. It does not have Turanist or Pan-Turkist aims. Within the national borders it has got homogeneous and anti-pluralist nature. The aim of Kemalism is to build a modern society and the state. But the existing social and political structure is not suitable for this purpose. For this reason, Kemalists first of all try to design society and the state through economic, cultural and legal regulations. This is a kind of social engineering attempt. At this point, nationalism in the modernization project of Kemalism serves the purpose of forming a homogeneous socio-cultural structure with a secular basis.

Young Ottomans was a secret society established around the organization called “İttifak-ı Hamiyet”. These young people, customarily from prosperous families, fled to Europe after an unsuccessful attempt of coup d’état in 1867 and were reorganized under the name of “Young Ottomans Society” there (Tanör, 2006, p. 123). The critics about the implementations of the Tanzimat Era and the actors behind these practices (Mustafa Reşit, Ali and Fuat Pashas) brought together the peoples such as Namık Kemal, Şinasi, Ali Suavi, Ziya Pasha, Mustafa Fazıl Pasha, Sadık Rıfat Pasha, Agah Efendi, Reşad Bey, Mehmed Bey under the roof of the “Young Ottomans Society”. The Young Ottomans were frequently in disagreement ideologically. They have quite different ideas regarding the apprehension and solution of current problems. In contrast, their common characteristics consist of their opposition to the leading political actors and practices of the Tanzimat Era. The young Ottomans achieved their objectives on the adoption of the constitutional monarchy on 23 December 1876. Abdülhamid II promulgated the Ottoman constitution of 1876, namely Kanun-i Esasi. 

On November 3, 1839, with the permission of Sultan Abdülmecid I (1839-1861), the Edict of Tanzimat was proclaimed by Mustafa Reşid Pasha. In its most general sense, the Edict of Tanzimat promised four basic reforms. The first of these is that the Edict guarantees the life, honor, and property of the subjects of the ruler. The second is the establishment of a regular taxation system that would replace the tax farming system. The third one is the compulsory military service. The latter signifies the promise of equality before the law for all the subjects, regardless of religion

Based on the decisions taken, it could be stated that the signed contract represents a reconciliation between the interests of both the Sultan and ayans. Moreover, Deed of Alliance is considered to be the first constitutional document, through which the powers of the sovereign were limited for the first time, similar to the British Magna Carta that dates back to 1215. In this respect, it certainly represents a very critical step in our political life. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The most important political feature of conservatism is ‘anti-revolution’.

Hüseyin (iştirakçi) Hilmi is known as known as the founding father of the socialist movement in Turkey.

Islamism, Nationalism and Ottomanism, as Yusuf Akçura had formulated, were three modern ideologies that were employed by both state and intelligentsia to save the Ottoman Empire, which was, then rapidly declining. All three statements are correct.

Mahmud Şevket Pasha, Ottoman soldier and statesman who, in 1909, suppressed a religious uprising, forced the subsequent deposition of Sultan Abdülhamid II, and served as grand vizier (chief minister) in 1913. Şevket graduated from the Cadet School in Constantinople as a staff captain in 1882. He served on the general staff of the Ministry of War, and in 1886 he joined a commission sent to Germany to supervise the manufacture of war matériel for the Ottoman army. On his return he was appointed director of the Inspection and Control Department, with the rank of general. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, which brought the Committee of Union and Progress to power, Şevket became commander of the 3rd Army at Salonika (Thessaloníki, now in Greece), in which capacity in 1909 he crushed a religious uprising against the Young Turk government, known as the 31st of March Incident, and deposed the sultan, who favoured a return to absolutism. He then became the inspector general of the first three army corps and minister of war, acquiring a position of great strength. In January 1913, when a group of army officers led by Enver Pasha overthrew the government of the Liberal Union Party and restored the Committee of Union and Progress to power, Şevket became grand vizier.

The correct answer is E. 

The Turkish Army directly intervened and changed the structure of political power in 1960, 1971, 1980, 1997, 2007 and 2016, the last two (2007 and 2016) were not “successful.”

Among the liberal intellectuals in the period from the Ottoman to the Republic, the names Halide Edip Adıvar and Ahmet Ağaoğlu appear. Ahmet Ağaoğlu was influential in having a liberal program of Fethi Okyar’s Liberal Republican Party founded in 1930 and he also defended liberal nationalism.

The correct answer is B. 

Corporatism is a means of incorporating organized interests into the processes of government.

The military coup that took place in 1960 was the first of military interventions in the history of the Turkish Republic.

The CHP congress which convened in 1938, gave İnönü the title ‘National Chief’, whereas Atatürk was honored with the name of ‘Eternal Chief’. İnönü was also accepted as the ‘unchangeable president’ of CHP, which meant his full control over the regime so much that even the gap for an opposition was fulfilled by CHP itself, namely, Independent Group.

The second generation of Islamic movement has developed over two main channels. The first one is the movements following important religious leaders such as Said Nursi and Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan coming from the traditional Islamic education system. The second one was developed through intellectuals such as Necip Fazıl Kısakürek and Nurettin Topçu who grew up in the secular education system of the Republican period and mastered Western literature rather than Islamic literature.

The correct answer is D. 

The Ottoman Empire, which embraces different languages, religions and cultures, tried to use the ‘Ottoman’ identity as a general national name in order to deal with the new nationalist waves. This current of thought, expressed as Ottomanism (İttihad-ı Osmani), was born to provide the integrity of the remaining land and to prevent its disintegration

Three parties were allowed to participate in the 1983 elections. These were the Nationalist Democracy Party (Milliyetçi Demokrasi Partisi- MDP) led by Retired General Turgut Sunalp, The Populist Party (Halkçı Parti-HP) led by Necdet Calp, who also served as principal clerk to İnonü, and the Motherland Party (Anavatan Partisi-ANAP) led by Turgut Özal.

When we look at the foundations of the socialist / communist movement in the 1920s, three organizational roots can be mentioned. The first one is the Turkish Communist Party (Türkiye Komünist Partisi-TKP), established in 1920 under the leadership of Mustafa Suphi.

The correct answer is A. 

Hüseyin (iştirakçi) Hilmi is known as the founding father of the socialist movement in Turkey.