The currents of thought that emerged in the 19th century in the Ottoman Empire are a product of these historical conditions. These thoughts expressed by the Ottoman intellectuals are basically prescriptions offered to get rid of these bad conditions. In other words, advocated ideas were being designed and implemented to save the Empire, the state. The seeds of many political movements and ideologies that will arise in the Republic of Turkey were laid in this period. In this context, the currents of thought such as Ottomanism, Panislamism, Turkism, Turanism were advocated to return the empire to its former strong days and to fend off existing threats. The common ideal of these currents of thought is to ensure unity of the state. In short, these currents do not have a sociological basis that comes from the social background; political projects designed by statesmen and intellectuals. For the empires, such as the Ottoman Empire, the nationalism movement which had strengthened and spread in the 19th century had serious consequences.

The correct answer is D.