After the year 1945, a time when USA domination of the world began to shape political affairs at a global scale, “political science” or “politics” has theoretically employed a paradigm, which took politics as a tool of governance to solve practical and technical problems, thus there politics is confined to a mere organon, and generally understood as a system in which political inputsare transformed into political outputs, thus paving the way for a political situation in an advanced capitalist society where citizens are conditioned as costumers economically, and as voters politically, leaving aside all cultural, historical and sociological elements that are embodied in society as conflicts and contradictions. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. The informaton related to the other years in the answer choices are as follows:

1871: Kulturkampf, (German: “culture struggle”), the bitter struggle (c. 1871–87) on the part of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to subject the Roman Catholic church to state controls.

1873: The term “Kulturkampf” came into use in 1873, when the scientist and Prussian liberal statesman Rudolf Virchow declared that the battle with the Roman Catholics was assuming “the character of a great struggle in the interest of humanity.

1932: The People’s Houses, Halk Evleri, were established in 1931/32.

1950: The relative transition to parliamentary democracy in 1950 opened the door for other ideological inclinations, such as socialism and liberalism, which both had a relatively weak tradition in Turkey.