Here are some significant common points related to the Ottoman modernization. Firstly, reform initiatives were mainly launched in the military field. Despite the turnover of the administrative staff, the attempts to reform the military field never ended in the last century of the Ottoman Empire. In the last years of the Ottoman Empire, German experts continued the reform activities formerly initiated by some French experts. Secondly, the reform initiatives that were launched in the military field were implemented in other problematic areas. For example, initiatives to improve tax collection mechanisms in order to improve the financial system of the state were persistently sustained by each ruler. Several measures have been taken in this direction and the system has experienced a transformation in the direction of establishing a modern system of finance. Similarly, the administrative and legal system of the state continuously improved. Finally, we should not forget to mention that the measures taken in the education system continued for a while.

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