The disintegration of the classical order meant the loss of power for the Ottoman Empire socially and economically, politically and militarily. The defeats, particularly in the military field, were regarded as the biggest problem for the administrator classes, followed by the disintegration of the classical order. Accordingly, there are efforts to implement a series of reform initiatives first in the military field for the restoration of the traditional order. In this regard, during the reign of Selim III and Mahmud II, we observe that many reforms were put into practice. For instance, Selim III attempted to create a new army as an alternative to Janissaries (Yeniçeriler) and hence, he is the one to implement the first major reform initiatives in the military field.

The correct answer is C.