When we study the social background of the Young Turks, who acted with the central motivation to oppose Abdülhamid, we can distinguish some major characteristics. First of all, they were exclusively men. The majority was Muslim. Again in this Muslim majority, the number of Turks was higher than the Kurdish, Arab, Circassian, and Albanians. Although there were a few Dönmehs (Who converted publicly to Islam), in practice, there were no Christians among them. Almost all of them lived in the cities. The majority were of Macedonia or İstanbul origins. Beyond all these characteristics, there were severe differences in the social backgrounds of the Young Turks. For example, while it was possible to encounter the offsprings of large land owners and children of the Pashas, it was also possible to notice those of merchants and officers. As emphasized earlier, most of them were trained in modern educational institutions. They generally spoke at least one foreign language, which was usually French. Finally, most of the Young Turks were government officials. There were civil servants, doctors, postmen, and teachers among them. On the other hand, it is necessary to remark that most of the prominent Young Turks are from the military

The disintegration of the classical order meant the loss of power for the Ottoman Empire socially and economically, politically and militarily. The defeats, particularly in the military field, were regarded as the biggest problem for the administrator classes, followed by the disintegration of the classical order. Accordingly, there are efforts to implement a series of reform initiatives first in the military field for the restoration of the traditional order. In this regard, during the reign of Selim III and Mahmud II, we observe that many reforms were put into practice. For instance, Selim III attempted to create a new army as an alternative to Janissaries (Yeniçeriler) and hence, he is the one to implement the first major reform initiatives in the military field.

The correct answer is C. 

Panislamism is an ideology based on religious identity in order to preserve the unity of the Ottoman Empire.

The People’s Houses was founded in 1932 with an aim to urbanite people, and to conserve and enliven traditional folkloric customs, offered courses in literature, fine arts as well as handcrafting, tayloring and similar practices. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. “to urbanite people”, “to conserve traditional folkloric customs” and “to enliven traditional folkloric customs” were among the aims of The People’s Houses. The Village Institutes (first founded in 1940) were founded to create a new model of citizen.

Politics is the name of the social institution, but an important and functional institution in the reproduction of society. Politics is the name of the social institution, but an important and functional institution in the reproduction of society. All three statements are correct.

In fact, the first party established in the process of transition to multi-party life was not DP but Nuri Demirağ’s National Development Party.

Selim III attempted to create a new army as an alternative to Janissaries (Yeniçeriler).

CHP votes fell even below the 1965 vote rates in 1969 elections. The two most important reasons of CHP’s decline were the centre-left politics’ causing loss of votes in the East and Southeast; and Unity Party of Turkey (Türkiye Birlik Partisi-TBP) being included into the party system with an aim to represent the Alevi. The TBP also pointed to a new functional division based on belief-identity in the party system.

The People’s Houses was founded in 1932 with an aim to urbanite people, and to conserve and enliven traditional folkloric customs, offered courses in literature, fine arts as well as handcrafting, tayloring
and similar practices. All three statements are correct. 

The People’s Houses were founded in 1932.

The decision of the proclamation of the Republic led to the development of a certain opposition group within People’s Party. The abolition of the caliphate on 1 March 1924 caused the opposition to expand. In the end, 32 parliamentarians, who left HF established the Progressive Republican Party (Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası-TpCF). The “Republican” word in the name was particularly important because the founders of the Party declared that they were not against the republican regime by using this statement. On 5 May 1925, the Ankara Independence Tribunal requested that TpCF to be closed by claiming that the provincial organization of the Party was involved in Sheikh Said Rebellion and supported the rebels. On June 5, 1925, the government announced that the TpCF was closed together with all its provincial organizations. The government claimed that TpCF cooperated with reactionary powers and strived to restore the Sultanate. Many members of the TpCF were prosecuted and imprisoned. Thus, the first attempts of the transition to a multi-party period ended in a short time. 

The Coup Tradition is a way of seeing the power relations in politics, and the primacy of military in political affairs.

The most important political feature of conservatism is ‘anti-revolution’. According to the conservatives, irreversible, forcebased radical changes create violence at the social and political level. It is not possible to establish a healthy social and political order through revolutionary change. Taking into account the existing order and institutions, a gradual or evolutionist change is healthier in terms of both the individual and the social order.

Journal of Kaktüs expresses a socialist feminist approach.

The essential element in any given social and political process is the subject, who may be man or woman, poor or rich, old or young, educated or uneducated, conservative or liberal. The list includes an indefinite dichotomy, and it could go further. Subject in this sense dissolves in many figurations based on social, political, cultural and gender differentiations. All three statements are correct.

The studies of political life in different societies have examined political totality as the analysis of political process and political evolution in a determined period of time, which would have to be resulted, as expected, in some form of democracy, thus attached to a teleological reading of the political in terms of a Western pattern; and an articulation of political concepts and values into a given political reality. Therefore it is possible to claim here that such a task has two dimensions one is based on the analytic, the other is on synthetic undertaking. In the first dimension, we have political institutions, transformations, processes, and values; political ideologies, concepts and visions in the second. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. "Political ideologies" are related to sythetic undertaking.

The currents of thought such as Ottomanism, Panislamism, Turkism, Turanism were advocated to return the empire to its former strong days and to fend off existing threats. The common ideal of these currents of thought is to ensure unity of the state. In short, these currents do not have a sociological basis that comes from the social background; political projects designed by statesmen and intellectuals. For the empires, such as the Ottoman Empire, the nationalism movement which had strengthened and spread in the 19th century had serious consequences.

Democrat Party (Demokrat Parti-DP), which came to power at 14 May 1950 elections, is not a party that gave direction to Turkish politics during its 10-year rule.

The correct answer is C. 

Politics is the name of the social institution, but an important and functional institution in the reproduction of society. It fills a place within social totality together with other social instutitons, either determining them or determined by them, but in the last instance, it is politics that decides the outcome whether it is a question of religiosity, of economy, and of social. Every politics includes a value-laden act. Politics in action means subjects, for politics is actualized through subjects, to put it boldly, politics in action requires subjects, who are politically motivated individuals, groups, strata and classes, and hence become “political subjects.” As can be understood from the information given all the statements in the answer choices can be used in order to define the term “politics”, so the correct answer is E.