Differentiation is both used to refer to the differentiation of economy, state and science from religion, and also religion being specialized into sections in its own sphere. The institutions of the society such as the market and the state in the modern world had to emancipate from religion and become autonomous walks of life so that they could exert power on all social systems. Meanwhile, religion also differentiated in itself into sects especially in Christianity, where Catholicism was challenged by Protestantism. For the first time in history, religion disclosed itself into its own boundaries and specialized in itself, which resulted in a loss of its strength on other institutions of the society. What caused this differentiation process are the Protestant Reformation, the formation of the nation-state and modern capitalism, and lastly the scientific revolution in the early modern era.