The fourth type of secularization is unique with religion being a component of the national identity. In Greece and in Ireland, for instance, religion is considered as the cement of the national identity against an imperialist enemy.

The idea of making of a new constitution in order to solve the political crisis implies that the constitution of 1961 had some weaknesses that led to the political crisis. The constitution is a long document based on a comprehensive ideology, which was Kemalizm. However, the amendments in 1969-1974 did not solve the problem of sharp political polarization and political violence, which finally led to the overthrow of the government by the military. Only the first two statements are correct.

The secularization of the state and education was followed by reforms on the secularization of law. The Swiss Civil Code and the Italian Penal Code were adopted by the state in 1926.

The secularization of the state and education was followed by reforms on the secularization of law. The Swiss Civil Code and the Italian Penal Code were adopted by the state in 1926.

Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1799– 1857). Son of a scribe. Started his career in the chancery as a protégé of his brother-inlaw, Seyyit Ali Pasha. Ottoman ambassador in Paris and London. Minister of foreign affairs in 1836. Led the pro-British faction at the Porte and took the initiative for the trade treaty of 1838 and the reform edict of 1839. Six times grand vizier (sadrazam) after 1845. Architect of the reforms of 1840s and early 1850s

The most important structural changes in terms of the shift to a market economy were the abolition of the law of protection of the Turkish Lira (1990), the introduction of Capital Market Law (1981) which envisaged the reopening of the Istanbul Stock Exchange and the establishment of the Capital Market Board (1985), the liberalization of foreign exchange operations and international capital (1989), liberalization of the banking sector (1990), increasing the autonomy of the Central Bank and the Treasury from political interventions. Thus, the answer is E.

The 1950 elections were held in accordance with universal standards. The 1950 elections were much more democratic than the previous one. According to the election results, the opposition party DP reached the majority of the seats in parliament. Thus, for the first time after the establishment of the Republic, a party apart from the CHP formed the government.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk let one of his close friends, Fethi Okyar, form the Independent Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası-SCF) in 1930. A is the right answer.

The United States of America Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the World.

The Ottoman Empire charged only 3 per cent duty on imports. Thus, the answer is B.

According to the 1950 election results, the opposition party DP reached the majority of the seats in parliament. Thus, for the first time after the establishment of the Republic, a party apart from the CHP formed the government. Therefore, the correct option is A.

İş Bankası is considered to be the first private bank established in Turkey. Thus, the answer is B.

The minority government of AP, with a standby agreement with IMF, prepared the structural adjustment programs (SAP) known as ‘24 January measures’. The main policy recommendations included:

• Removing state control over interests and prices and increasing competition for state enterprises through elimination of government subsidies.

• Avoiding the destabilization of the economy through making arrangements to cope with fiscal deficits, inflation and external debt accumulation.

• Shifting from import substitution to an export promotion strategy, import liberalization, promotion of foreign investment and determination of realistic exchange rates.

• Concentration of public investment on the energy and transportation infrastructure rather than manufacturing.

Guy Haarscher (2018) divides secularization into four different types. The first one pertains to the Catholic tradition and is named in French as ‘lai’cité’. Belgium, France, Spain, Luxemburg, Portugal, Austria belong to this tradition, where the state has become everybody’s state through exterminating dogmatism, intolerance, and the spirit of dependency, characteristics that are identical with Catholicism.

The constitution of 1961 was the first document that included social rights in the Turkish politics and included the following social rights: right to work, right to a safe and healthy work environment, right to rest and leisure, right to fair wages, right to health and education, and the right to social security.

In the bipolar world that emerged during the Cold War period after the Second World War, Turkey positioned itself as an ally of the United States of America. The U.S.A provided financial support to certain countries like Turkey and Greece to gain allies against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

The Constitution of 1961 is distinctive from the previous constitutions with regard to the separation of powers. While the Constitution of 1924 extensively vested the power in the Assembly, the constitution of 1961 adopted the separation of powers (Özbudun, 2016, p. 40). It established a bicameral assembly consisting of the House of Representatives and the senate of the Republic. On the one hand, to become a member of the house, a person must be at least 30 years old and be literate; on the other hand, to be elected a senator a person must be at least 40 years old and hold a college degree. The executive branch was comprised of the president and the council of the ministers. While the president did not have a political responsibility, the council of the ministers had this kind of responsibility. It was stated that the prime minister had to be a member of the house of the representatives but a person that wasn’t a member of the house would be picked as a minister by the prime minister. The constitution, for the first time, established the constitutional court reviewing the constitutionality of laws passed by the Assembly. The constitution recognized autonomous government agencies such as universities and the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu-TRT). The constitution of 1961 having the features mentioned above regarding functioning of the government made the political system more democratic. It can similarly be said that the constitution held the same democratic perspective with regard to human rights and freedoms.

Differentiation is both used to refer to the differentiation of economy, state and science from religion, and also religion being specialized into sections in its own sphere. The institutions of the society such as the market and the state in the modern world had to emancipate from religion and become autonomous walks of life so that they could exert power on all social systems. Meanwhile, religion also differentiated in itself into sects especially in Christianity, where Catholicism was challenged by Protestantism. For the first time in history, religion disclosed itself into its own boundaries and specialized in itself, which resulted in a loss of its strength on other institutions of the society. What caused this differentiation process are the Protestant Reformation, the formation of the nation-state and modern capitalism, and lastly the scientific revolution in the early modern era.

The main purpose of the deed was to empower the authority of the Sultan and to reestablish the unity of the empire.

Auguste Comte, who is considered to be the father of sociology, claimed that all societies are doomed to go through three stages of evolution called theological, metaphysical, and finally positive. In the theological stage, god is the central reference for humans to explain natural and social realities. In the metaphysical stage, the central reference becomes certain abstract supernatural powers whereas in the final stage people refer to the power of mind and positive sciences to explain the unknown.