Deneme Sınavı Soruları

They cannot be used to compare different health interventions.

They always favor individuals with higher income and wealth.

They are unaffected by the respondent's psychological biases.

They do not take into account the impact of social standing on willingness to pay.

They are universally accurate across all types of healthcare interventions.

Infant mortality rate

Maternal mortality ratio

Under-five mortality rate

Life expectancy at birth

Prevalence of malnutrition

By solely increasing the amount of physical capital available in an economy.

By enhancing productivity through education, health, and knowledge accumulation.

By treating labor as a singular and unchanging factor in economic models.

By focusing only on technological advancements as the primary driver of growth.

By assuming that economic growth is determined exclusively by external factors.

Only I

Only II

I and II

I and III

II and III

Different product

Few buyers and seller

High transaction costs

Asymmetric information

Free entry and exit to the market

Healthcare funding primarily comes from general taxation.

Mandatory health insurance contributions from employers and employees.

Healthcare services are financed mainly through private insurance.

Patients pay directly at the point of service for most healthcare expenses.

Healthcare costs are covered solely by regional governments.

The Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency (TMMDA) is responsible for setting pharmaceutical prices.

Since 2004, Türkiye has used the external reference price system, which relies on the prices of medications in five EU countries.

The Social Security Institution (Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu) sets the prices of pharmaceutical products.

The TL/Euro exchange rate has no effect on the pharmaceutical prices in Türkiye.

Marketing authorization from the TMMDA is not necessary for pharmaceutical products sold in Türkiye.

The duration of time that your insurance plan must cover you before you are eligible to claim a specific benefit.

Any individual, such as a doctor, nurse, or dentist, or institution, such as a hospital or clinic, that offers medical care.

It refers to specific conditions or services that your health plan does not cover.

The maximum amount you will need to pay each year for deductibles and coinsurance, as determined by the insurance company.

Services that typically encompass prenatal care, normal childbirth or delivery services, and routine care provided in a newborn nursery.

Increased government expenditure on healthcare reduces available funds for other investments.

Healthier individuals are more productive, leading to higher economic output and efficiency.

Health improvements only benefit the healthcare sector, with minimal impact on the overall economy.

Economic growth is solely determined by external factors such as technological advancements.

Increased life expectancy has no significant effect on economic growth.

It eliminates direct charges at the point of service through general taxation.

It relies on private healthcare providers with minimal government regulation.

It uses compulsory health insurance funded by payroll contributions.

It is entirely dependent on employer-sponsored private insurance.

It provides universal healthcare solely through state-owned hospitals.

By reducing excessive healthcare costs and preventing income loss due to illness-related work absences.

By increasing the demand for expensive medical treatments, which boosts the economy.

By shifting the focus from economic development to social welfare programs.

By limiting access to medical services to control population growth.

By promoting environmental sustainability at the expense of economic growth.

Health workforce

Health information

Medical products and technologies

Universal health coverage

Governance

Revenue generation

Pooling of funds

Regulation of healthcare prices

Purchasing health services

Risk-sharing mechanisms

CEA evaluates interventions based on costs alone, while CBA includes effectiveness

CEA measures costs per health outcome, while CBA converts both costs and benefits into monetary terms

CEA measures health outcomes in monetary terms, while CBA uses natural health units

CEA considers all societal costs, while CBA focuses only on direct costs

CEA is used only for public healthcare decisions, while CBA applies only to private healthcare

Asymmetric information and monopolies.

Perfectly competitive markets.

Excessive government control.

Healthcare being free for all.

The abundance of hospitals.

The percentage change in quantity demanded in response to a percentage change in price.

The responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in the availability of substitutes.

 The percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.

The rate at which healthcare costs increase over time.

The relationship between total revenue and the price elasticity of demand.

Limited knowledge affects decisions.

Patients always make logical choices.

Doctors always provide the best care.

Healthcare has unlimited resources.

Patients have full medical knowledge.

When revenue can’t cover costs.

The maximum number of doctors.

A law controlling hospital openings.

The highest cost for medication.

A policy on patient waiting times.