Another valuable effort to bridge the gap between rational and cognitive approaches is the “poliheuristic theory” developed by Alex Mintz.

Developer national role conception that indicates a special duty or obligation to assist underdeveloped countries; bridge national role conception which imply a communication function, that is, acting as a “translator” and information between peoples of different cultures.

Neoclassical realism gives the main priority to external structural factors, yet neoclassical realism argues that the way how states would respond to external stimuli and make sense of external/systemic factors would be decisively informed by their internal characteristics. Thus, the correct answer is B. 

It should be said from the start that, at the first glance, the concept of foreign policy might seem to be elusive. Even though it is a central concept of the discipline of International Relations, at times one can feel to be stranded in the same paradox that St. Augustinus of Hippo (AD 354 – Ad 430) has so eloquently described in his conception of time; “If no one asks me, I know what it is.” Indeed, there exists a     multiplicity of definitions, and a consensual definition of foreign policy is somewhat lacking in the literature on the subject. The tools and frameworks utilized in the execution of foreign policy evolve in time. As a result foreign policy is affected by the transformation of the domestic and international contexts. Therefore, the modalities and   practices covered by the concept itself remain in a state of“constant mutation”. 

As can be understood from the information given the statements which take place in the options II, III and IV can be used to affirm the argument that defines foreign policy as in a state of mutation, so the correct answer is D. The statement which takes place in the option I defines the scope of foreign policy.

Sequential decisions involve a series of interrelated decisions, such as whether to intervene in Syria; increase or decrease troop levels; whether to withdraw or to stay; and, finally, when the operation should end.

Before FPA analysis has developed as a discipline, it was still an area widely studied within IR. Thus, the traditional theories of IR, namely idealism and realism, also have inquiries about foreign policy. They base their explanation of foreign policy on systemic factors, that is they believe foreign policy decisions are influenced by the nature of the international system. While doing this, both idealism and realism attribute features of human nature to the states. This methodology is defined as rational-choice theory, which assumes a unified decision-making body in the form of the state, as well as a belief that the pursuit of self-interest guided all decision makers (Alden and Aran, 2017, 6). The correct answer is D.

Power distribution among states is an external factor that influences foreign policy-making.

The correct answer is D.As being one of the essential concepts in International Relations, anarchy alludes to the absence of government or the lack of a central authority within the framework of politics. Anarchy derives from the Greek word “anarkhos” which means “without a ruler”. Put simply, states as the dominant actors of international relations have no absolute control over international system. Since states are political entities that recognize no equal domestically and no superior externally there, is no central authority in international relations. This provides an international politics with its anarchical characteristics. Even though they concur on the nature of the international system as anarchic, major theories of international relations treat anarchy in different ways. For example, while neorealists are motivated to work within the limits anarchy imposes structurally on state behavior, neoliberals are striving to ameliorate its effects.

Micro decisions are also called administrative decisions and take an enormous  place within foreignpolicy decisions.

I and II are related to neorealist theories III is about structural realism, and IV is about classical realism. The correct option is D.

Rational Actor model assumes that political leaders act rationally in foreign policy.

Issue-oriented groups make up another category of interest. Groups of this
type are not based on any narrow socioeconomic category’ such as ethnicity or economics. Instead, they draw their membership from people who have a common policy goal

The organizational process model is one of two new decision-making approaches introduced by Allison (1971). According to this model, the national government is not a unitary actor like assumed in the RAM, it is also not comprised of individual decision makers. Each organizational unit of the government has special function responsibilities. However, no single unit has exclusive authority to deal with any important foreign policy issue, they need coordination.

Interpretation, Determination and Evaluation of Alternatives: The perceived information at this stage would be interpreted by the decision maker in order to define the situation and to determine the alternative options.

Globalization Defines the processes whereby state-centric agencies, terms of reference and the state’s ability to control the international processes that are limited in favor of interaction and integration between different actors. As a result of this state sovereignty is significantly challenged

Interdisciplinary research including disciplines such as political science, economics, sociology, psychology, organisational behaviour also contribute to a comprehensive and complete analysis of foreign policy.

Idealist theory of IR has been concerned with ways to prevent wars. Consequently, they opt out war as a foreign policy instrument in their analysis. Their approach to human nature is inspired by liberalism, and hence optimistic, in the sense that it perceives human nature as good and inclined to cooperation rather than conflict. Therefore, the causes of war cannot be found in human nature. The human beings are all rational in their behaviours.

consider all possible alternative means of achieving the goal,