Neoclassical realism tries to combine the insights of structural realism with those of classical realism and liberalism. It offers a more holistic account of foreign policy.

The correct choice is E.

One-shot (single) decisions; these types of decisions are rare in foreign policy decision making because relations related to international relations are sequential in general. However a single decision on a single case can be analyzed as a one-shot decision. For example, although in nature it is sequential, a decision not to join an international treaty can be analyzed as such.

David Singer warns that the state level of analysis has the risk of exaggerating “the differences among sub-systemic actors” and may even lead to ethnocentrism.

• Interest groups are private associations of people who have similar policy views and who pressure the government to adopt those views as policy.
• Traditionally, interest groups were generally less influential on foreign policy than on domestic policy issues; however they are becoming a more important part of the foreign policy-making process especially in democratic countries.
• One type of interest groups is cultural groups which consist of people bound in terms of religious beliefs, ideological goals or cultural demands.
• Economic groups are another prominent form of interest
  activity. 
• Interest groups have no formal policy-making authority,

Foreign Policy Behavior This term is the execution of a foreign policy decision in order to influence the behavior of an external actor for securing the interests of the agent. A deeper analysis of the concept requires a realization of the fact that foreign policy behavior “may include behavior that was accidental or unintended by the government, and in addition, decisions to do nothing may not leave any behavioral artifact; thus, there is slippage between the concept of foreign policy and the concept of foreign policy behavior. As can be understood from the definition given, the correct answer is A. The definitions of the other terms as follows:

Two-level Game: Actors engaging in foreign policy, often, have to manage the tensions that are creating a compressing effect on their priorities forcing them to play a two-level game. The politics of many international negotiations can usefully be conceived as a two-level game. At the national level, domestic groups pursue their interests by pressuring the government to adopt favorable policies, and politicians seek power by constructing coalitions among those groups. At the international level, national governments seek to maximize their own ability to satisfy domestic pressures, while minimizing the adverse consequences of foreign developments. Neither of the two games can be ignored by central decision-makers, so long as their countries remain interdependent, yet sovereign.

Power is a concept that refers to the influence and control exercised by one nation over others. Power is both the means used and the goal sought by states in political, military, economic, and social competition with each other.

Role Conception is defined as the perceptions of foreign policy makers’ on their nations’ position in the international system, its national interests and the key principles that allow it to defend them.

The term “International Relations” refers to an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the interaction of the actors within the international system.

The Cold War refers to the non-violent conflict between the Western block led by the United States of America and the Eastern block led by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and  it lasted between the years 1947 and 1989. The term Cold War itself was first coined by George Orwell in 1945 in order to explain the political and as well as ideological dispute between these two superpowers. During that period, the most ubiquitous fear of the parties of the conflict was nuclear escalation. Basically, nuclear escalation addresses the issue of the rising probability of a thermonuclear war at the end of a nuclear arms race. The emergence of a bipolar world order, (a political system is encompassed by distribution of power between two capable states to the degree of their economic and political resources as well as military facilities) in the international politics marked the period where two competing superpowers dominated world politics. The main characteristics of the Cold War were ideological antagonism, nuclear arms race and global geopolitical rivalry between the parties.

As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements in the options regarding to Cold War are correct.

Event data approach was initiated by Charles McClelland as a link between the general systems theories of international behaviour and the textual histories which provided an empirical basis for understanding that behaviour in 1960s.

Strategic cultures of states do matter in their foreign policy choices and behaviors. This culture is transmitted from one generation to another through education and other socialization processes. Past experiences of wars with others as well as how threats and the means adopted to deal with them were defined in the past decisively shape the contemporary security practices of state.

Thus, the correct answer is A. 

They differ from the traditional approaches in the sense that they focus on processes and motives of foreign policy-making.

Prospect theory approach foresees two phases in making decisions: the editing phase and the evaluation phase. The editing phase involves a preliminary analysis of the choice problem and includes identification of the options available to the actor, the possible outcomes or consequences of each, and the values and probabilities associated with each of these outcomes. In the evaluation phase, the edited prospects are evaluated and the preferred prospect is selected, which means that the decision is made .

The central belief in this approach is that any explanation of foreign policy behaviours through generalisations would cause the loss of unique factors that make up a foreign policy action and creating patterns, models and theories, and trying to fit the foreign policy behaviour of states into these, ignore the essence of foreign policy that is being explained (Tayfur, 1994, 126).

The organizational process model is one of two new decision-making approaches introduced by Allison in his groundbreaking book (Allison, 1971). According to this model, the national government is not a unitary actor like assumed in the RAM, it is also not comprised of individual decision makers. Instead, it is, as Allison describes, “a constellation of loosely allied organizations on top of which leaders sit” (Allison, 1971: 79).

Comparative foreign policy approach has developed through the way Rosenau opened for reaching testable generalisations by cross-national analysis. According to this approach, “events could be compared along behavioural dimensions, such as whether positive or negative affect was being displayed, or what instruments of statecraft (e.g., diplomatic, military, economics, etc.) were used in the influence attempt, or what level of commitment of resources was evident”, and thus behaviour as disparate as a war, a treaty, and a state visit can be compared and aggregated in a theoretically meaningful fashion (Hudson, 2014, 21). This is because this approach rejects that events are unique. In accordance with this rejection, the comparative foreign policy approach attempts to formulate a foreign policy theory that is scientific in the sense that it can be generalisable.

The correct answer is A.

The correct answer is E.Interdependence implies that the increasing connectivity between the actors and issues led to a world where no actor is immune from the impact of what is happening to another. Interdependence is positively correlated with industrialization, modernization, and most importantly globalization. It is used to describe a new phase in international relations where states were becoming increasingly interdependent on a vast variety of issues. In other words, as the complexity and global characteristics of problems increased, so did the need for globally coordinated efforts for solutions. This strengthened not only the interrelatedness of issues but also the interdependency of the actors. This is because the vulnerabilities of the states to these problems were on the rise, while, the ability of states to individually influence the global outcomes were decreasing. The increasing interrelatedness of issues means that independent of wherever on the globe they might be taking place they have profound potential affects on the states. It is an environment where ‘global problems needed global solutions’. These issues encompassed economy, climate change and migration to name a few.

The correct answer is C. In his seminal book Politics Among Nations: The Strugglefor Power and Peace, originally published in 1948, Hans J. Morgenthau, one of the great thinkers of the classical realist school of international relations, has placed “interest defined as power” as the “link between reason trying to understand international politics and the facts to be understood” as “statesman think and act in terms of interest defined as power”, (Morgenthau, 1993, p.5)

The human development approach, developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub Ul Haq (1934–1998), is based on thework of Indian economist and philosopher Amartya KumarSen’s work on human capabilities, “often framed in terms ofwhether people are able to “be” and “do” desirable things in life”.

The analysis of FPA may be about a single decision taken in a certain case as well as about the foreign policy of a state or the general patterns of foreign policy actions of a group of states that can be categorised together. Scholars of IR are interested in interactions between two or more states, and particularly in why some of these interactions are cooperative while others are competitive and may even lead to war, whereas foreign policy analysts want to understand why a given country’s government has decided to take certain actions toward foreign governments or foreign non-state actors, why a government has decided that specific foreign policy interests are important to it, and why it has crafted a particular strategy to promote or defend those interests. What separates the study area of two disciplines is that while IR mainly focuses on the international system and the relations among states, FPA focuses on how these relations are formulated and conducted. In another aspect, IR focuses on the outcomes whereas FPA focuses on the processes. 

Behavioural approaches are decision-making approach, comparative foreign policy approach, case study approach, event data approach, prospect theory approach and role theory approach.

Originatingwith the Peace ofWestphalia,ending the 30 Years’Wars, in 1648, sovereignty, or more properly state-sovereignty, is an externally, i.e. by other actors, recognized right of independent, supreme or final decision-making and decision-enforcing authority possessed by the state, generally over given territory.

The correct answer is A. Waltz’s three images of international relations meant denote for the three possible sources of war in international relations because Waltz refers to the three levels of analysis as “images”. In that he explained sources of international behavior, (manifested as foreign policy) in human nature (first image), organizations and structures of the state and struggles among domestic actors (second image), in the structure of the international system, relationships among states and groups of states, alliances etc. (third image). He essentially underrated the explanatory power of the first and second images and concentrated on the third as the main level of analysis to understand causes of war, and international relations as such. As it focused on the systemic sources Waltz’s argument is structural.