There are only few exceptions to the general tendency of contemporary approaches which mostly emerged as syntheses of contemporary and traditional approaches. In this sense, two of them are worth examining. One of them is the constructivist approach which opened the way for analysing foreign policy with social constructionist assumption. The neo-classical realism, on the other hand, along with social constructivist assumptions, has provided a way for integrating individual level factors to traditional realist assumptions, or in other words, for breaking the chains of the rationality assumption of realism by integrating unit-level behavioural determinants to its analyses.

The correct answer is B.

Tariff is the right term for tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports used by governments to protect domestic industries from international competition or to create revenue, therefore E is the correct answer.

European diplomacy came to believe that main way to prevent further warfare was to preserve the balance of power among the five major powers of the time: Great Britain, Russia, France, Asutria, and Prussia. Thus the correct answer is A. 

The will dimension of power concerns the motivations, aspirations, and national-images of actors that aspire to have a say on the choices of others.

Treaty alliances are one of the actors of non-domestic actors. The correct option is C. 

James N. Rosenau identified three kinds of linkages. Reactive linkages are observed when an event in one society leads to an impromptu reaction in another. Here governments play no role. This might be exemplified by the reactions that Turkish society shows to the events between the Palestinians, especially in the Gaza Strip, and Israel. Emulative linkages happen when a development in one society is imitated by another. The events of the so-called Arab Spring that started in Tunis in 2010 quickly spreading to Libya, Egypt, and Syria are a case in point. Finally, James N. Rosenau points out to penetrative linkages. What he means here is deliberate attempts of elements of one society to influence and, at times, manipulate the other. Such attempts usually involve soft power and utilize means like public diplomacy, but might also include lobbying and propaganda activities. Some of the moves aimed at penetrative linkages are usually perceived by more nationalistic elements in the receiving society as hostile acts targeted towards manipulating and organizing the society and politics. The increasingly globalized nature of international relations creates an environment where there are myriad linkages across societies.

As also understood from the information given, the correct matching of the linkages with the definitions, identified by James N. Rosenau is in the option B, so the correct answer is B.

They do not easily identify themselves with other countries.

When the Thirty Years’ War ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, it contained two major principles of diplomacy and the following international system that survived up until the 21st century: Sovereign equality of all states and non-interference to domestic politics of each other. B is the correct answer.

While one of the goals of diplomacy in the Byzantine Empire was to impress its neighbours, another goal was to prevent cooperation of neighbours against the Byzantine Empire by keeping them in conflict with each other. As a consequence of this policy, the Byzantine Empire, despite its weak military power, managed to survive until 1453. 

Emulative linkages happen when a development in one society is imitated by another. The Arab Spring is an example of emulative linkages. 

Soft powers lay at the opposite end of the powercapability dimension. Soft powers rely on intangible capabilities, such as identity, culture, norms, values,
the legitimacy of their internal and external policies, and disinformation capability.

From the perspective of internationalism, states think they can achieve their foreign policy interests through close interactions and cooperation with other states in the system. Isolationism and protectionism are discarded in favor of developing closer bonds with other states in different policy realms

‘Pre-theories and Theories of Foreign Policy’ was written by James N. Rosenau
(a book chapter written in 1964 and published in Farrell, 1966) and contributed to Development of actor-specific theory that would lead to the development of generalizable proposition at the level of middle range theory

Status-quo oriented states are those that are content with the current power configuration in the system and they do not aspire to change it. B is a characteristic of status-quo challenger states. 

National Interest: This notion is “used generally in two senses in IR: as an analytical tool identifying the goals or objectives of foreign policy and as an all-embracing concept of political discourse used specifically to justify particular policy preferences. In both senses, it refers to the basic determinants that guide state policy in relation to the external environment. It applies only to sovereign states and relates specifically to foreign policy: the internal variety usually being characterized as ‘the public interest’. The correct answer is C.

Part of the statement which is "...... that they act upon objective data ......." shows that decision-makers need accurate information about the subject matter to make rational decisions. 

By the beginning of 15th century, envoys started to present their final report in written forms. This Venetian diplomatic model and style, largely influenced by Byzantine system, was also adopted by  other Italian city states. Thus, the correct answer is E. 

Not all states are willing to have an influence on the choices of others. Some states are defined as status-quo oriented powers whereas some others are
considered as status-seekers or status-quo challengers. Status-quo oriented states are those that are content with the current power configuration in the system and they do not aspire to change it.

The European Union (EU) is an example for multilateral diplomacy because multinational and multilateral diplomacy can be seen in the EU. Therefore the correct answer is C.

This level of analysis yields an explanation of the possibility of war, not of any particular war.