One can claim that it is noteworthy to explain the impact of domestic politics on foreign policy nexus the studies of James Rosenau (1966, 1967). His main contribution to the field by writing his famous pretheory article in 1966 was to see “the concept of issue area as a vertical boundary in politics” (Evans and Newnham, 1998, p.285). Issue area is a term used first by Robert Dahl (1961) as an important element of a political system, but Dahl has not defined the conception of issue-area in a definite way. As stated by Sher (1977, p.44), Dahl labeled three issue-areas “which were of relevance to governmental and nongovernmental leadership, these being urban development, education and nominations”. In this sense, James Rosenau has taken Dahl’s approaches to issue-area and took it one step further. For Rosenau, the conception of issue-area composed of “(i) a cluster of values, the allocation or potential allocation of which (ii) leads the affected or potentially affected actors to differ so greatly over (a) the way which the values should be allocated or (b) the horizontal levels at which the allocations should be authorized that (iii) they engage in distinctive behavior designed to mobilize support for the attainment of their particular values” (Rosenau, 1971, p.141). To put it simply, Rosenau proposed four issue areas in his seminal piece of pre-theory as territorial, status, human resources, and non-human resources.

As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. “Territorial”, “Status”, “Human Resources” and “Non-human Resources” are four issue areas proposed by James N. Rosenau in the context of foreign policy analysis in his seminal piece of pre-theory. “Urban Development” is one of the issue areas, not defined the conception of issue-area in a definite way. As stated by Sher (1977, p.44), Dahl labeled three issue-areas “which were of relevance to governmental and nongovernmental leadership, these being urban development, education and nominations”.

In the early 20th century, Lenin (1902) made a differentiation between propaganda and agitation, defining propaganda as “the reasoned use of historical and scientific arguments to indoctrinate the educated and enlightened”, and agitation as “the use of slogans, parables, and half-truths to exploit the grievances of the uneducated and the unreasonable”.

Conventional warfare 

Neutral states do not take sides in regional or international power competitions.
They can achieve this through either isolating themselves from the outside world or trying to develop sustainable functional relations with many states. However, one need to underline that remaining neutral would not always be left to the unilateral discretion of the concerned country. The correct option is B.

The United States pursued isolationist foreign policy between the late 18th century and the early 20th century.

Attentive public is defined as the proportion of the people in mass society who hold articulate, informed and coherent attitudes about public policy issues.

Example is a national role conception that emphasises the importance of promoting prestige and gaining influence in the international system by pursuing certain domestic policies. 

There are different approaches in behaviouralist theories of FPA. These approaches are basically differentiated based on their methodologies. That is why they sometimes intertwine and sometimes collide. The most common methodologies in this context are decision-making approach, comparative foreign policy approach, case study approach, event data approach, prospect theory approach and role theory approach. The correct answer is D.

Another foreign policy preference that states could potentially adopt is neutrality (Goetschel, 1999, 115-139). Neither isolationism nor internationalism precludes the possibility of adopting neutrality as a foreign policy preference. Neutral states do not take sides in regional or international power competitions. They can achieve this through either isolating themselves from the outside world or trying to develop sustainable functional relations with many states.

Internationalism holds out that all states sail on the same ship and they need to align their policies with each other in order not to lose in the globalizing world. The underlying assumption here is that the shrinking of the world paves the way for a global community of nation states to emerge. The correct answer is C.

The United Nations is a collective security organization.

Turkish foreign policy during the Second World War can also be seen as an example of adopting neutrality as a foreign policy preference. During the course of the war Turkish decision makers did their best to avoid the possibility of being attacked by either side.

Throughout the city states system of the ancient Greek to the Italian Renaissance city state system philosophers and historians of politics centered their analysis on the state. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) formalized the position of the state as the dominant centric actor and unit of analysis of international relations.

Summits require specific time and location of a meeting. Reagan - Gorbachev summit was held in Reykjavik, Island and two national leaders made agreements on some nuclear issues. Therefore the correct answer is D.

Note verbale (verbal note) is a piece of diplomatic correspondence prepared in the third person and unsigned. It is less formal than a note but more formal than an aide-mémoire, which is an unsigned informal diplomatic message given to start discussion without committing one’s own state to the contents.

The first attempt to outlaw war was seen after the First World War with the establishment of the League of Nations as a result of the Paris Peace Conference. Thus, the correct answer is A.  

What made the birth of warfare possible was the emergence of societies with fully articulated social structures (Gabriel and Metz, 1992: 23). The evolution of sophisticated armies and the conduct of war in Sumer and Egypt represented the ultimate development of warfare in the ancient world. War, warriors, and weapons
became a normal part of human existence. During the Iron Age almost every aspect of war was developed to modern scale.

The railroad, the factory system, mass production, and the use of machines to make any number of military weapons and products were the most important innovations in terms of their impact on warfare. Thus, the correct answer is E. 

The Security Council originally consisted of 11 members—five permanent members (the Republic of China , France, Russia, the UK, and the USA) and six nonpermanent members elected by the UN General Assembly for two-year terms.

Tangible sources are those that can be quantified, measured, observed, and categorized. Population is one of them.