The main justification of the nationalist rebellion was based on religion, insofar as it was seen as a crusade against the destruction of Catholicism in Spain. Indeed, the rebellion started with 160,000 men but grew to more than 1 million troops by 1939. The war ended with around 200,000 war deaths and another 300.000 wounded. Nationalists justified their revolt as a holy war against “infidels” who sought to destroy the Catholic Church in Spain, for which the burning of churches and murder of clerics were blamed on Republicans. The correct answer is D. 

The Triple Entente was an “association between Great Britain, France, and Russia, the nucleus of the Allied Powers in World War I.

There was no common enemy to necessitate a common military strategy.

The Fourteen Points include references to open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, the reduction of national armaments, the removal of trade barriers between nations, impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, the readjustment of territorial borders based on the right to self-determination - especially within the former German, Ottoman, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian empires-, the rights of minorities in those states, and the creation of “a general associations of nations” known as the League of Nations.

The first crack appeared in Bismarck’s system in 1890, immediately after his resignation, when the Reassurance Treaty was not renewed by Germany. This action was detrimental to the fundamentals of Bismarck’s strategy: the isolation of France, as without the treaty, Russia would likely seek new assurances elsewhere. Which is precisely what happened in 1894, when Russia and France formed an alliance; much of Bismarck’s life work had been lain to waste.

The world’s first recorded international peace treaty is generally accepted to be the Treaty of Kadesh, signed in the 13th century BC between the Egyptians and the Anatolian-based Hittites.

Colonialism means “control by one power over a dependent area or people". 

Absolutism refers to a “political doctrine and the practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty of a monarch".

Diplomacy means "the conduct of affairs between states by official agents through peaceful means". 

Balance of power refers to "a state of affairs in which no state predominates over others". 

Therefore, the correct answer is "B".

The defeated countries, namely Germany, Austria- Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

A new class of urban patriarch also came to dominate these cities with power and patronage. Rather than invade neighboring states and amass new territories, however, they used their wealth to encourage new arts, technologies, and political theories. There were many consequences of this approach: first, the city-states struggled to establish their independence from both the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire from the 13th through the 16th centuries; second, Italian political philosophers such as Marsiglio of Padua and Dante rediscovered
many of the old Roman and Greek texts. These texts helped them intellectually undermine the power of the papacy by arguing that the secular authorities not only ought to be separate from spiritual ones, but also reign supreme (Hinsley, 1986: 82-88; Skinner, 1978: 8-22).

American foreign policy preferences diverged from European Realpolitik, which was based on power politics, fragile and short-term strategic alliances, and secret diplomacy behind. Meanwhile, however, the founders of the United States (the New World) sought to isolate the US from the conflicts of Europe (the Old World).

The US devised a plan in 1924 called the Dawes Plan that sought to find a way for everyone to pay their debts.

These were internal crises of the European Concert. However, when the Greeks rose up against the Ottoman rule, the major powers were unaware
of what collective action to take. It was evident that the Ottoman Empire was not included in the domain of the European Concert.

The world economic crisis of October 1929, also known as the Great Depression, brought an abrupt end to efforts for world peace. Instead, it augured a decade full of agony, uncertainty, distrust and, eventually, conflict.

While the Germans felt marginalized, the Soviets protested the Paris Peace conference as “a capitalist tool for imperialism” and distanced themselves from the Western powers. In response, despite protests from the Western powers, both governments signed the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922 that established full diplomatic relations and renounced claims against each other.

In feudal Europe, there were two types of peasants. Serfs were semi-free peasants, while there were completely free peasants. The correct answer is E. 

However, the diplomatic crises pinpointed as the main reasons for the breakout of war in 1914 continued to erode the system. Bismarck’s resignation as chancellor in 1890 paved the way for ‘Weltpolitik’ (A world politics), the shift in Germany’s Europe-centered foreign policy to one that looked overseas, where it soon started clashing with Britain’s Pax Britannica.

The 1878 Congress of Berlin was thus one of the milestones of the pre-1914 system. The 1815 Concert of Europe, on the brink of collapse since the Crimean War, with Bismarck’s intervention lasted until 1904.

The Napoleonic map was redesigned as much as possible to pre-1789 borders by the dissolution of
Napoleonic states and the restoration of European monarchies. No state was to be reformed in a nationalistic fashion.

Niccolò Machiavelli was a great interpreter of Roman ideas about civic virtue and citizenship, he believed politics was based on human action, rather than religious conviction or sentiment and did much to revive the Roman idea of virtue. Therefore, the correct choice is D.