Computer hardware basically corresponds to the physical parts of the computer that one can physically touch.The components of computer hardware are case, mainboard, central processing unit, system memory, hard disk drive, optical disk drive, power supply, monitor, mouse, printer and keyboard. 

In order to convert raw data into useful information, the information processing steps that should be present in the information systems are classified as follows:

1. Collect
2. Organize
3. Analyze
4. Store/Retrieve
5. Process
6. Transmit/Receive
7. Display

The correct option is C.

The main objectives of the operating system can be summarized as follows:

• Enables the users to use computer in a convenient and efficient manner

• Hides complexity of the hardware resources from the users

• Acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and its users.

• Manages the resources of a computer system

• To keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource requests, according for resource using and mediating conflicting requests from different programs and users

• Provides efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and programs.

The correct answer is E. 

Word processing software allows users to
• change margins
• insert footnotes
• fnd and replace terms
• place a header and footer at the top and the bottom of a page
• use different fonts (character design), font size (character scale), and font style (character appearance such as bold, italic and underline).
Therefore, the correct optin is B

Documents created by the word processors look great and they are easy to edit and share. But sometimes you need to redistribute them in a format that locks the layout or does not require a word processing software for opening them. Portable Document Format (PDF) is the most widely used file format to fulfil this requirement. Word processor tools allow you to save your document as a PDF. This is usually done using the export menu.

Partitioning-based methods divide n objects into k partitions where k is smaller than or equal to n. In partitioning-based techniques, each partition contains at least one object and each object belongs to only one partition. Objects are divided hierarchically in hierarchical- based clustering. Hierarchical-based clustering methods can be classified as agglomerative and divisive approaches. Initially, each object represents a cluster in agglomerative approaches, then close clusters are merged consecutively until a termination condition holds or all objects or clusters are collected into one cluster. In divisive approaches, all objects are grouped into one cluster. Then, a cluster is divided into smaller clusters in each consecutive step until each object is assigned to one cluster or a termination condition holds. Density-based clustering methods group objects into clusters based on densities of clusters to represent clusters with arbitrary shape. An object in a cluster must have at least minimum number of neighbors in the neighborhood of a given radius. In model-based methods, objects are assigned to clusters based on defined models of clusters. Therefore, the correct option is C.

In circuit switching, the path between a pair of communicating parties is created only when needed, and discontinued after use.

Transport Layer delivers data across network connections. It provides message segmentation, message acknowledgment, session multiplexing, and message traffic control. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Mining clusters bring together similar objects which do not have a class label. The correct option is A.

A network switch is a hardware component that centralizes communications among multiple devices within a local area network. In most of the business networks, switches are used to connect computers, printers, and servers within a building.

A metadata repository of a data warehouse includes many information
about the data warehouse and some of them are listed below:
• Information about description, structure, security, authentication, usage statistics of the data warehouse
• Information about the data warehouse’s ownership
• Information about applied rules on data, such as transformation, cleaning, data mining, querying,
loading and etc.
• Information about structures of data sources of the data warehouse,
• Information about structures of data repositories and etc.

A graphical user interface is the pictorial representation that defines the interface between the operating system and its users. This representation is called the shell, and while not all shells have a graphical user interface (some shells can only be used in a terminal by typing textual commands), a GUI is the graphical overlay that simplifies the operation of the shell and operating system.

Data cleaning includes processes of filling missing values, correcting inconsistencies, identifying outliers and getting rid of them. Missing values can be filled with attribute mean, attribute mean of all tuples belonging to the same class of the given tuple containing missing values, overall system mean, and a prediction produced by a learning algorithm.

In the analysis stage, interpretation or summarization of data is done to make the data understandable and easily available.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a protocol widely used in network management for network monitoring purposes. Thus, the correct answer is E.

Bayesian classifier is one of the mostly known classification techniques. It is based on some probabilistic computations such as computing probability of an object belonging to a class. Bayesian classifiers use Bayes’ theorem. According to Bayes’ theorem, let X be an object and H be a hypothesis that X belongs to class C. The probability of H holds is shown as P(H|X) and it is calculated as follows: P(H|X) = P(X|H)*P(H)/P(X).

A router connects multiple computer networks by using wired or wireless connections. Routers forward data packets among networks by using the routing information inside these packages. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Data are symbols representing the features of objects and events. They also refer to the products of observations. They are unprocessed collection of raw facts gathered from various sources explicitly or implicitly and do not have any values without making them useful, that is, without being converted into the information. Thus, ‘data’ and ‘raw fact’ basically refer to the same concept. Information, on the other hand, is generated by processing data. During the processing, data are transformed into a meaningful form and their usefulness increases. Information is the data that represent the relational connection. Knowledge is a collection of relevant information. It is a deterministic process that involves transformation of information into instructions. Wisdom corresponds to the ability to see the long-term consequences of any act and to evaluate them relative to the ideal of total control. It includes the exercise of judgment or decision. The correct option is B.