According to Hedley Bull, great powers “manage their relations with one another in the interest of international order” through: “(i) preserving the general balance of power, (ii) seeking to avoid or control crises in their relations with one another, and (iii) seeking to limit or contain wars among one another. They exploit their preponderance in relation to the rest of international society by (iv) unilaterally exploiting their local preponderance, (v) agreeing to respect one another’s spheres of influence, and (vi) joint action, as is implied by the idea of a great power concert or condominium” (Bull, 2012: 200).

Non-state actors are those actors that have no governmental affiliation and that conduct transnational operations toward influencing national and international public policies in a non-violent manner.

The BRICS countries are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The correct answer is A. 

The anarchical international system refers to an
international order without a centralized political
authority that is capable of imposing international
rules and restraining the use of force by states (Waltz,
1979; Wendt, 1992). As such, wars occur in the
system “because there is nothing to prevent them”
(Waltz, 1959: 232). The anarchical international
system is, in fact, a self-help system that consists
of states who seek to maximize their relative
power and secure their sovereignty through either
increasing their own material capabilities (internal
balancing) or aligning with other states (external
balancing). In the absence of a central authority and
of collective security, each state is responsible for
its own survival in the system. According to Waltz,
under anarchy, states need to ensure that there does
not exist a single state (a hegemon), which would
dominate the international system and determine
the rules of the system. In such an anarchical
system, t is difficult to achieve cooperation among
states and severe power differentials among them
may lead to a major war.

Heywood notes that a great power is “deemed to rank amongst the most powerful in a hierarchical state-system” and identifies four criteria for being a member of this so-called “great power club”:

• “Great powers are in the first rank of military prowess, having the capacity to maintain their own security and, potentially, to influence other powers.

• They are economically powerful states; although (as Japan shows) this is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for great power status.

• They have global, and not merely regional, spheres of interests.

• They adopt a ‘forward’ foreign policy and have actual, and not merely potential, impact on international affairs”

The pieces of global governance consist of the interacting rules, norms, international law, international regimes, ad hoc arrangements, global conferences and structures such as intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The pacific settlement of disputes is defined as the ‘diplomatic’ instrument of the UN that aims to help conflicting parties solve their disputes through peaceful and non-coercive means. The correct answer is E. 

Choices (a) and (b) are the key concepts in the interest-based (institutional) approach, (d) and (are) are the key concepts in knowledge-based (cognitive) approach. Choice (c) is the correct answer.

This specific group known as World-Order-Models-Project (WOMP) scholars includes some scholars such as Richard Falk, Rajni Kothari, Ali Mazrui, and Gustavo Lagos. However, David Mitrany who worked towards the development of effective peace organizations, is not one of them. The correct answer is B.

Global governance consists of several pieces except for military arm. The pieces of global governance consist of the interacting rules, norms, international law, international regimes, ad hoc arrangements, global conferences and structures such as intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The correct answer is D. 

According to most scholars, a system with a clearly preponderant state (a hegemon) would be both politically and economically stable. Because such a hegemonic state, also with an interest in cooperating with other actors, can solve collective action problems through providing public goods and facilitating international cooperation (Kindleberger, 1981: 243-244; Krasner, 1976: 321; Gilpin, 1987: 74-75). This theory, in fact, is known as the hegemonic stability theory (HST). It establishes a theoretical link between hegemony and systemic stability and attracts a great deal of attention from IR scholars.

Başlar (2005: 32-33) has developed the most comprehensive definition of international nongovernmental organizations and identified their basic characteristics. Among them; they are not founded by states or intergovernmental organizations, They do not engage in a partisan behavior and They possess legal personality.

The Elders represent a group of global leaders as an independent voice who are not bound by the interests of any nation, government or institution. They are committed to promoting the shared interests of humanity and human rights. The Elders consist of individuals who no longer hold public office; they are independent of any national government or other vested interest. They should have earned international trust, demonstrated integrity and built a reputation for inclusive, progressive leadership. The group has comprised Nelson Mandela, Martti Ahtisaari, Kofi Annan, Ban Ki-moon, Ela Bhatt, Lakhdar Brahimi, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Fernando H Cardoso, Jimmy Carter, Hina Jilani, Ricardo Lagos, Graça Machel, Mary Robinson, Desmond Tutu, and Ernesto Zedillo.

CMW is short for Committee on Migrant Workers.

The Security Council was designed to be relatively small in order to act swiftly and efficiently (Mingst and Karns, 2012: 31-32). It initially had eleven members, but this number increased to fifteen in 1965. The status of membership is divided into two: permanent and non-permanent members. The United States, Britain, China, France, and Russia are the five permanent members (P5) of the Security Council.

Global civil society refers to a domain where transnational non-governmental organizations and other transnational actors interact.

Five permanent members of the Security Council are the US, the UK, Russia, China and France. 

The UN Security Council has been subject to many criticisms except that it has no coercive or binding authority. The UN General Assembly has been criticised due to its lack of coercive or binding authority. The correct answer is C. 

Federalism has been associated with the conventional processes of state-building
and national integration. It has been construed as a particular way of bringing together previously separate, autonomous, or independent territorial units to constitute a new form of union based upon principles that, broadly speaking, can be summarized in the dictum ‘unity in diversity’”