International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states, indeed they are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives. 

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

The World Conference on Human Rights was held in Vienna in 1993 and emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era.

A region is often defined as a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area. A region is basically “a part of the land surface of the earth”. In the geographical literature, regions can be defined in three ways as uniform, functional, and administrative areas, respectively.

The acquisition of human rights together with the birth of man has had a broad philosophical support, especially by social contractors. However, there are other explanations with regard to the source of rights. In this line, a number of names, especially Bentham and Hume, have been advocates of positive law, maintain that human-beings rather than natural law create rights. (Cranston 1983, 3-4; Freeman 2012, 32-33; Vincent 2010, 78)

The World Trade Center was hit by a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.

For Camroux, regionalisation can be defined as akin to “nation-building”, and “regionalism” can be defined as a process of “identity” construction akin to “nationalism”.

According to the Framework for Pacific Regionalism, coordination, as a regional collective action, be achieved by establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.

If an international organization has a membership dominated by one powerful member, that organization is susceptible to being used as a hegemonic instrument, like the utilization of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact) by the USSR before Mikhail Gorbachev. Organizations whose members are of about the same weight, like the EFTA between 1973 and 1995, will be more egalitarian by nature and thereby act as a meeting place for equals (Archer, 2001: 92).

International organizations generally play three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

Human right issues do not hold an important place in Realism. 

Normative Theory, Liberalism, Constructivism, and English School provide an account for human rights issues in international politics.

For achieving standardization in weights and measures, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures were established in Paris with the adoption of the Metre Convention at a conference convened in Paris in 1875

Regionalism is closely linked with the shifting nature of international politics and intensification of globalisation. Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

Founding fathers played an important role in establishing confederacy and forming a constitution in the United States. Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, John Adams, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington are called as the founding fathers. 

Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization with members from 216 countries.

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and aims. 

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

In addition to Judge,MichaelWallace andDavid Singer (1970, 245-246) list three main criteria for an entity to be qualified as an international organization:
• The organization ‘must consist of at least two qualified members of the international system’.
• The organization must hold more or less regular plenary sessions at intervals not greater than once a decade.
• The organization should have a permanent secretariat with a permanent headquarter arrangement and which performs ongoing tasks.

Among the main objectives of the Organisation of African Unity was to get rid of apartheid and colonialism.

The first public international union is the International Telegraph Union (ITU).