Indeed, leading Classical Realist Hans J. Morgenthau defined politics among states (nations) as “struggle for power and peace” (Morgenthau, 1948). For him, power for states is a tool and an objective at the same time in order to protect and project their interests. As interests can be subject to change and increase, then foremost interests of states always are to seek more power. Actually, for Morgenthau, international politics is all about power politics. 

Constituent elements of security have yet multiplied since the end of the Cold War in terms of who or what should be protected and who or what pose threat to security. State, individual, and group of individuals belonging to a specific nation, ethnicity, sect, or gender are considered as security subjects that varied opinions among politicians, academics, and experts put one or some or all as their priority to protect or concentrate on. 

The United Nations (UN) was founded in 1945.

Liberal views agree on the key characteristics of international politics with those of the Realists. Liberalism sees security in international politics actually the way the Realism does. Liberal perspectives, however, challenge the Realist security assumptions in particular, and their views on functioning of international relations in general, by putting cooperative examples of international affairs forward, including in the area of security

liberalism on security declares that cooperation, and security is possible under anarchy 

Despite some differences, Classical Realism and Neo-realism as a whole body of Realist paradigm share some common assumptions that are key in understanding security in international politics. First, the Realism points out that international system is anarchic. Second, power is the defining notion of state behaviors in the anarchic international environment (Ibid: 33-34). Third, states are the most important units/ actors in international politics. Fourth, states are unitary and rational actors. 

According to Terriff, Positivism shows four connected characteristics in social sciences: First, “there is an objective truth that can be discovered.” Second, “the means of discovering that truth is reason and there is only one correct form of reasoning”. Third, “the tool of reasoning is empiricism, which enables the analyst to test propositions”. Fourth, “there can be a distinction between observer and observed”.

The answer is A.

Wars in previous centuries that shaped the known international systems were all fought among two or more most powerful states of the time. Military and ideological difference between the US and USSR created a bipolar international system and a Cold War, which disallowed the two super powers to engage in a direct large-scale military conflict one against another.

Table 1.1 Phases Of Globalızatıon

The answer is A.

This is a state of zero-sum-game situation in which power gain of a state means, or seen as, absolute loss of other state(s) in the opposite side.

First, the Realism points out that international system is anarchic. Second, power is the defining notion of state behaviors in the anarchic international environment according to the Realist Thinking on Security. 

The fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the USSR led to the end of the Cold War.

As a non-governmental organization (NGO) refers to the organizations which are not established or coordinated by a government or any public institution, a civil society organization (CSO) is also an NGO. However, a CSO is also expected not to be attached to interest groups in the society which gather to secure or promote financial interests, e.g., business organizations.

It was not only the first well-documented record of state terror in the modern era, but also inspired many other regimes in the future by its methods, discourse, and demonization of political rivals. Therefore, the Reign of Terror, can be regarded as the predecessor of the Soviet and Nazi applications of state terror directed at internal political rivals and external enemies at the same time, accompanied by brutal repression of oppositional figures and parts of the society, a rigid indoctrination, frequent use of accusations of being “agents”, “enemies of the state”, etc. The Reign of Terror was a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies. The famous “September decree” of 1793 officially declared that the Reign of Terror is “the order of the day” and thus the republic would use terror against its “enemies” in order to preserve the republic and the achievements of the revolution. 

There are nine major functions that all international organizations carry out

One of the best examples of the desecuritisation appeared in South Africa after the end of the Apartheid regime. The race issue in South African society was de-securitised in the sense that it was taken out of security realm and put back into the realm of politics.

The United Nations (UN) outlined, in its Report of the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change in 2004, six clusters of global security threats that the world has now faced and will face in years ahead. These are economic and social threats, inter-state conflicts,internal conflicts, weapons of mass destructions, terrorism, and transnational organized crimes.

Iraq was among the founding countries of the Arab League.

Cold War ended with the fall of Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in December 1991. This meant the plethora of views, actions, and debates on security in international politics from the stance points of both intellectuals and officials in the post-Cold War era.