Most noted reference to this way of looking and analysing conflicts around the world and international security is the citation to the article of the Clash of Civilisation of Samuel
Huntington.

The answer is A.

Academic impassion to provide a systemic analysis for the conflicts around the world led to production of the theory of ‘the Clash of Civilisations’ by giving priority to the collusion of different cultural and civilizational identities of the warring sides in conflicts, such as in the former Yugoslavia among Catholic Croatians, Orthodox Serbians, and Muslim Bosnians.

Cultural Diversity: “Cultural diversity” refers to the manifold ways in which the cultures of groups and societies find expression.

The answer is A.

Whereas extreme left terrorism reached its peak point in Europe during the Cold War years, Marxist extreme-left wing terror groups are still active in many countries and regions from the Latin America to the Middle East and Southeast Asia. On the other hand, coupled with rising Islamophobia, xenophobia, and anti-refugee discourse, extreme-right radical ideas and ensued violent acts are on the rise once again especially in Europe and the United States.

Table 6.1

The process of economic globalization was accompanied by the ending of the Cold War and the triumph of liberalism as a political and economic ideology over communism in 1990s. Both of these two developments, more specifically, the rising interconnectedness of economic activities supported by the advancements in technology and the transformation of the international system, have caused an ongoing transformation not only on the economic activites but also on almost every aspect of the human life.

Three levels of analysis in foreign policy: Kenneth Waltz was the first scholar to use the three-level analysis methodology in foreign policy analysis. He has defined the three levels as images. According to his classification, foreign policy can be analyzed at three levels: the system referring to the structure and the interaction of the states, the state referring to the internal affairs of the states
and the individual referring to the foreign policy decison makers (Waltz, 1959).

The Constructivist approach pays great attention to view that ideas, identity, and interaction are of great importance in international system. For the Constructivist security, as international system is itself a constructed ‘reality’, so is the concept of security in international politics.

1979 was a year of many critical developments in the world with Iranian Revolution, downfall of Sandinista government in Nicaragua, and Afghanistan invasion of USSR. Bloc politics and conflicts intensified. All these developments started the so called Second Cold War period since USA and USSR started another armament period, after the Détente lasted almost 15 years following the talks of limiting nuclear and conventional weapons of both nations.

The Committee of Public Safety, where Maximilien Robespierre, who was one of the key masterminds of the era, had a critical position, enjoyed a dictatorship over the republic, making thousands of executions possible and making “terror” part of everyday life for the critics of the new regime. 

Securitisation is a framework for security analysis developed by the Copenhagen School at the Conflict and Peace Research Institute in Copenhagen in the 1990s.

The answer is A.

Alan Collins supplies ten different definition of security that contains national, individual, and group security in terms of material and non-material threats against their core values (Collins, 2013: 1-9). Collins touches upon wide range of security issues in the context of security studies. He deepens and broadens the subject of security by including topics of military, regime, societal, environmental, and economic security.

They have also kept quite the overthrow of a democratically elected government by a military coup in Egypt in 2013.

It was the carnage of World War I (WWI), between 1914 and 1918, that urged political leaders on the side of winners to provide security by preventing the occurrence of a new Great War.

The Cold War that had lasted between 1945 and 1989 ended peacefully. Peaceful end of it in the sense of the absence of a world war between superpowers, however, does not guarantee that there will not be any in the future. Nevertheless, currently, there has been a great power peace, which has been producing its own security implications. 

Classical Realist Hans J. Morgenthau defined politics among states (nations) as “struggle for power and peace” (Morgenthau, 1948).

-The main unit of analysis in the discipline of IR is the nation state which first emerged in Europe during the 17th century and was disseminated to the other parts of the world as a role model since then. IR has emerged as a discipline in social sciences mainly in the early 20th century.

-The mainstream IR theories, namely Liberalism and Realism, have regarded the religion as a private issue that should be dealt at the individual level. 

- IR itself is based on “areligous” assumptions and (the issue of) ethics might not be relevant to it (Laustsen, Wæver, 2003, p. 170).