Most, if not all, Third World states are artificial designs of colonial powers in the past. 

Cold War ended with the fall of Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in December 1991. This meant the plethora of views, actions, and debates on security in international politics from the stance points of both intellectuals and officials in the post-Cold War era.

Normative: International organizations have made a considerable contribution to the normative activities of the international political system through creating norms, values and norms of behaviour and establishing them worldwide

Realism provides a wide range of theoretical tools on security including its both Classical and Neorealist versions. Despite some differences, Classical Realism and Neo-realism as a whole body of Realist paradigm share some common assumptions that are key in understanding security in international politics.

Ideologically Motivated Terrorism

As stated before, radicalization, and terrorism cannot be attributed to a particular religion, ideology, nationality, sect, or any other sort of identity and/ or mindset. Both rightist and leftist ideologies, at their extremes, can lead to radicalization and even terrorism. Several groups, such as DHKP-C in Turkey, Baader Meinhof in Germany, and Red Brigades in Italy can be mentioned under this category. However, it should be noted that neither primarily ideologically-motivated terror groups can be limited to these groups, nor the groups which are not clearly designated as terrorist groups internationally, such as Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi movements that can be identified as extreme-right groups occasionally resorting to violence (and thus can be classified as violent extremists, too, if not full-fledged terrorist organizations) do not carry out ruthless terror attacks against people coming from different ideological, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, including assaults, murders, burning homes and refugee camps etc. s 

Table 6.1

The answer is A.

They are more than agents of states in their search for power (IGOs)

They are more than agents of states in their search for promotion of national interests (IGOs)

They are more than agents of states in their search for seeking security (IGOs)

For the Liberals, international governmental organisations (IGOs) and international regimes are more than agents of states in their search for power, promotion of national interests, and seeking security. As for international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) and multinational corporations, the Liberals see them as not dependent but independent actors pursuing their autonomous agendas which greatly influence state choices and decisions in international politics (Nye and Keohane, 1971a: 337). As Keohane and Nye assert, transnational and sub-national actors which are involved in intensive communication, information, transportation, and finance across state borders play a significant role in many international interactions (Ibid: 332).

The Cold War that had lasted between 1945 and 1989 ended peacefully. Peaceful end of it in the sense of the absence of a world war between superpowers, however, does not guarantee that there will not be any in the future.

Civil Society Organizations: As a non-governmental organization (NGO) refers to the organizations which are not established or coordinated by a government or any public institution, a civil society organization (CSO) is also an NGO. However, a CSO is also expected not to be attached to interest groups in the society which gather to secure or promote financial interests, e.g., business organizations. Consequently, NGOs with religious and cultural orientations or philanthrophic activites belong to the category of CSOs (Stivachtis, 2007, p. 15).

The answer is A.

The Constructivist approach pays great attention to view that ideas, identity, and interaction are of great importance in international system. For the Constructivist security, as international system is itself a constructed ‘reality’, so is the concept of security in international politics.

Ideology is a modern concept and its first use dates back to the French Revolution when it was used to mean “science of ideas” by the French philosopher Destutt de Tracy. Since then, there has been a wide discussion on the definition of ideology. Ideology, in its general definition, is “a system of ideas that aspires both to explain the world and to change it”. The discussion on ideology stems from the emergence of distinctive ideologies such as communism, socialism, fascism and some forms of nationalism since the second half of the 18th century

In modern history, industrial revolution is the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world.

The Reign of Terror was a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies.

In the United Nations (UN) report titled "Report of the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change" in 2004, six clusters of global security threats that the world has now faced and will face in years ahead are listed as economic and social threats, inter-state conflicts, internal conflicts, weapons of mass destructions, terrorism, and transnational organized crimes (The United Nations, 2004, 23). "Biological weapons" are not listed as a threat in this report.

Disputes between Arab states and Israeli over Palestine, Pakistan and India over Kashmir, Ethiopia and Somalia over Ogaden, Morocco and Algeria over Western Sahara are just few of numerous such examples in the Third World

The answer is B.

Culture comprises a variety of factors associated with a community such as shared language, shared belief systems, ethical codes, worldview, lifestyle and traditions. These factors shape the group identity and they mark a resemblance within the thoughts and behaviours of the members of a community and differentiate them from nonmembers (Heywood, 2014, 235).

Security is a contested concept not because it is difficult to define as a word, but because it refers to a situation in which there are numerous referent objects and actors being in a constant interaction. Security as a word refers to being relatively safe or free from harm and danger. Actors of international politics pay utmost attention and devote huge resources to a condition in which they feel safe or free from danger and harm.