ption E is not among those expectations

There was not a heated war between the two blocs or factions. That is why this period has been called the “Cold War.”

Anarchy is defined as a defining characteristics by McLeanand McMillan because they state that there is no authority above states, therefore, this lack of authority and anarchy go hand in hand.

Except the last option all the others are true about the World War II and its results

International security measures are the actions and strategies that countries, states, and alliances take to make the world safe for all. International security is an opportunity to build peace through global cooperation and to protect all from harm and terror. Such protection can be achieved through diplomacy, treaties, negotiations, alliances, sanctions, conventions, and military action. The collectivities of the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the (former) Warsaw Pact are examples of countries coming together to foster mutual survival and safety. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is E.

The book says " Often these states fail because of interethnic conflict, a lack of desirable natural resources or other products for world markets, post-colonial issues (if they were once a colony of a great power), civil war, internal corruption, and the like. 

The United Nations was formed to prevent future wars and to consider when the use of force is permissible, or when peaceful attempts to make change appropriate. International organizations strive, in part, to maintain security by helping countries balance the need of economic security and military power. The United Nations organization was created in October of 1945 to prevent future wars. Initially, it was comprised of 51 member states, principally the victors of World War II. The Charter it adopted called for states to cooperate when dealing with threats (military, principally) posed against its members by outside aggression. This United Nations rule was instituted to prevent sovereign states from arbitrarily using force against each other. It was thought that such a rule would keep future generations from facing the deadly effects of war. At the time that this was adopted, the world had endured two major World Wars, which had destroyed generations, countries and entire communities. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is E.

The most well-known group of critical theorists formed the Frankfurt School in Germany. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is A. Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Erich Fromm, Walter Benjamin, Jürgen Habermas, and Herbert Marcuse were among the core group at the Frankfurt School (the Institute for Social Research) beginning in the early 1920s). Kant, Schiller, and Hegel, as well as Nietzsche, Lukács, Weber, and Freud, inspired the critical perspective of the Frankfurt School.

Cooperation: Three basic principles address potential solutions to uncooperative relations among countries: (1) dominance; (2) reciprocity; and (3) identity, according to Goldstein and Pevehouse. In dominance, there is a hierarchy, with those at the top of the hierarchy controlling those below them. This is related to an understanding of “great powers” among states. But it can lead to resentment of those not at the pinnacle.  If those at the peak of this arrangement do not act in everyone’s best interests, oppression of those lower on the ladder might follow. Reciprocity, on the other hand, addresses the collective goods challenge by rewarding actions that contribute to the group good, and by punishing those behaviors that are simply self-interested. No central authority is needed, but it can demand very complicated accounting methods and monitoring to track positive contributions and negative actions. Reciprocity is relevant to international relations because it forms the backbone of most norms and many international organizations. Reciprocity can have a negative side, too: in the arms race or security dilemma, each state responds to an increase in military materiel and weapons by others. Identity is very complex in today’s world, particularly because shared identities may well ignore state borders and therefore be transnational. Essentially, this principle means that states redefine their interests and make sacrifice for the group possible. Identity groups will accept collective goods solutions that may not give them the best outcome as individuals, because what benefits there are remain in the family.

As also understood from the information given, three basic principles which address potential solutions to uncooperative relations among countries are dominance, reciprocity and identity, so the correct answer is A. The definitions for the other terms in the options are as follows:

Coalitions are sometimes thought of as alliances, especially when states come together against a common threat. Coalition means a joining together. Coalitions are always multilateral (with associates from different states).

Alliances: An alliance can be defined as “an agreement between two or more states to work together on mutual security issues. States enter such cooperative security arrangements to protect themselves against a common (or perceived) threat.

Genocide is outlawed and forbidden in International Politics, not only by customary law but by positivist international law, with the Genocide Convention of 1948, according to which it is a crime to be prosecuted worldwide.

During the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, France became the center for new ideas, especially liberty, citizenship, equality, fraternity, and patriotism.

 States are crucial in examining international relations.

The most well-known group of critical theorists formed the Frankfurt School in Germany. Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Erich Fromm, Walter Benjamin, Jürgen Habermas, and Herbert Marcuse were among the core group at the Frankfurt School (the Institute for Social Research) beginning in the early 1920s). Peter Katzenstein is a constructivst. The correct answer is B.

Alliace formation is result of (external) balancing of power

According to Constructivists, the world is socially constructed. Things are constructed and subject to change by the actors themselves. The world, then, is “the image that states and others choose to make of it.”

The crucial basic element in examining international relations is states

Parsimony: economy of explanation in conformity with Occam’s razor. The scientific law of parsimony dictates that any example of human behavior should be interpreted at its simplest, most immediate level. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is B. Occam’s Razor: If there are two or more explanations for an occurrence, the simplest one is usually better. In other words, the more assumptions you must make, the more unlikely an explanation is. If one strips away all extraneous issues, what remains is likely true --no matter how implausible that may seem. One of the more famous fictional characters to apply Occam’s razor to solving his cases was Sherlock Holmes, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

The explanations for the other terms in the options are as follows:

Analyzing the characteristics of individual leaders is another approach to individual-level analysis. This is idiosyncratic analysis: how did an individual’s personal traits influence or shape his or her decisions?

Interdependence began to be examined in earnest in the early 1970s. To many theorists of interdependence, the crude power politics of the cold war years appeared to be giving way to a more cooperative and rule-governed world. It is important to understand that the theorists of interdependence were not just talking about increased interconnectedness in a variety of issue areas. The shift was also qualitative. The world was changing. The realist view that states were independently pursuing their national interests did not seem to present an accurate picture of the way states acted under conditions of what Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye called “complex interdependence” (Griffiths and O’Callaghan, 2002, 157-158).

Groupthink: a term coined by social psychologist Irving Janis (1972). It occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment.” Groups affected by groupthink ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups. A group is especially vulnerable to groupthink when its members are similar in background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making (Janis, 1972, 9).

Realism is apower politics theory

Alliances: An alliance can be defined as “an agreement between two or more states to work together on mutual security issues. States enter such cooperative security arrangements to protect themselves against a common (or perceived) threat. 

Marxism, developed by Karl Marx (and to a lesser extent by his associate, Friedrich Engels) in the mid1800s, is based upon principles related to social class and to economics. Marx, basing his views on materialism, advocated that workers free themselves from the burdens placed upon them by those who control the means of production. The correct option is A.