The book states that "Sovereignties were granted the right to enter alliances with other states and to declare war." That means, wars are not prohibited; nor are the states given the right to declare war. On the contrary, it states that states can unite and declare war together.

Jackson-Peece (2011) considers the right of people to live in peace, without fear or terror, a
“core value of human life.” Human beings, plants, and animals all seek safety and security.

Attacks generate unanticipated consequences: They cause spiraling problems in the economy and, thus, a sense of insecurity when families who once relied on tourism are now unemployed and face the potential loss of food, shelter, and safety in their personal lives; insecurity reinforces the idea that humans cannot trust each other but must always be on guard or prepared for attack or assault; When the risk is perceived as being too high, people will avoid possibly insecure places altogether. The correct answer is E. 

A summit including both Western and Eastern states of Europe was launched in Helsinki, with the Helsinki Final Act being signed in 1975.  This treaty recognized all national borders in Europe and outlawed the use of force to change these borders. The Act stated that “the participating states regard as inviolable all one another’s frontiers as well as the frontiers of all states in Europe and therefore they will refrain now and in the future from assaulting these frontiers. Accordingly, they will also refrain from any demand for, or act of, seizure and usurpation of part or all of the territory of any participating state”. As also understood from the information given the correct answer is A.

The information about the treaties taking place in the other options are as follows:

The de-escalation of the Cold War in Europe also affected the relationship between the bloc leaders. The United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics began negotiations to decrease their nuclear arsenals. The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks bore fruit when the first Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty was signed in 1972. In 1979 both parties found common ground to sign a section treaty, although the United States withdrew from the treaty in 1980, thus blocking any further cooperation between the two superpowers

A third bloc of states appeared in the mid-1950s that wanted to distance itself both ideological camps. This was the so-called Non-Aligned Movement, a collective movement of states that had only recently gained their independence from Western imperial powers.

The United States organized The Hague Conference of 1907 to determine a set of common values and diplomatic practices. One significant decision taken at that conference called for the creation of a permanent international organization within seven years, one where states would be equally represented and where they could resolve their disputes through negotiations.

In January 1919, the Paris Peace Conference convened to negotiate peace agreements that would shape the new international system.

According to the chapter, realism focuses on individual gains while idealism focuses on mutual gains.  Idealism recognizes democratic peace and emphasized the cooperation of states. Idealism recognizes people as decision-makers unlike realism. The current international system includes aspects of idealism. These facts make A, B, D, and E incorrect. C is correct because idealism recognizes people as decision-makers unlike realism.

As the realist paradigm of International Relations holds, the development of the sovereign state itself determined the very nature of the Westphalian system: anarchical. Anarchy means the lack of a central authority or world government to enforce rules in the modern international system. In the absence of a higher authority, each actor seeks to ensure its own survival and mobilize all resources at its disposal to this effect.

The hierarchy within the evolving Westphalian system has emerged as a kind of an “invisible hand” which ensures the system consisting of political units, legally equal but varying in material capability, all operating in an equilibrium and maintaining their own continuity without the intervention of a central regulatory authority.

Balance of power implies equilibrium among competitors. It requires states to combine resources to ensure their survival as well as to maximize their interests in the international system. Does the combination of these resources depend upon the ability of a single political unit? To the contrary.  Its stability relies largely upon the similar behavior of other political units. A state tries to match the power of others to maintain the balance of power; for its own survival, the state needs to protect itself against another state (or group of states) and deter any potential threat to its own security.

States, therefore, form a counterbalancing alliance against common threats that they perceive from another state or coalition of states. This is the basic logic behind the balance of power in the international system. In fact, the balance of power mechanism has managed to prevent the total collapse of the international system.  It has converted great-power rivalries into a state of deterrence (or even of cooperation) when needed. As understood from the information given the correct answer is E.

Other concept "hegemony" which takes place in one of the options refers to a situation in which a powerful state or a coalition of powerful states shapes the international system through a set of coercive and non-coercive instruments.

Three of the more well-known postmodern International Relations theories are:

• Critical Theory
• Constructivism
• Feminism

As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. The English School and Classical Liberalism aren’t considered as postmodern International Relations theories.

The Warsaw Pact was composed originally of the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Yugoslavia did not become a member of the organization.

Because of the broad swath of the subjects, there is an equally broad group of theories or models through which one can view them: there are theories regarding:

• The arms race
• International development and political economies
• Trade and markets
• Conflict management
• Peace studies
• Nationalism
• Feminism
• Political culture
• International cooperation
• Civilizational theories
• International law
• International organizations

As also understood from the list given, the correct answer is E. All of the fields in the options are among the fields which there are theories or models in International Relations regarding. Nearly every theory of International Relations pays service to the explanatory capabilities of history. It is in history one can locate many of the characteristics that International Relations addresses even today. Some of the earliest thinkers in international relations lived in BCE times, such as Thucydides, Plato, Aristotle, and others. Each era, century and decade offers some signs, traits or other markers that international theorists either have considered or still consider—or after such consideration, set aside.

The international system has so far been successful in protecting its basic political unit, the sovereign state. Despite inherent conflicts in the international system, the Westphalian principles of state sovereignty, equality, and non-interference have formed a basis for cooperation among states. These principles have led to the uniformity of political units, allowing states to develop and adopt norms and principles for cooperation. International organizations such as the United Nations and international norms such as “the prohibition on the alteration of state borders by force” arise from the political and legal inheritance of Westphalian principles.

Realizing that their armies had only limited power because tax resources proved so meager, European states discovered that cooperation was cheaper and a more effective way to maximize their interests. Thus, the rapid development of a central mechanism for the functioning of the international system: diplomacy.

Between 1648 and 1789, each succession war was concluded with a peace settlement following an international diplomatic congress that included all the warring parties, as noted in Table 2.1. The Peace of Utrecht put an end to the Spanish Succession Wars in 1713, for instance. At these congresses, inter-dynastic kinship also facilitated compromise rather than punishment. Congress diplomacy rarely had a transformative impact on the structure of the international system. Instead, it served to restore the status quo and confirm the international system established by the Peace of Westphalia. Both winners and losers of wars had a role to play in the construction of peace. In this period, the principle of sovereign equality provided both powerful and small states with the opportunity of equal representation within the framework of congress diplomacy. The international system based on the principles of the Peace of Westphalia prevailed and was consolidated.

As understood from the information given the correct answer is D.

On the other hand, The French Revolution constituted a major blow to the existence of the Westphalian system in many respects. First it created an anomaly at the heart of international system. The international system had been composed of states whose political systems were monarchies; the practices and norms of the international system were entirely based on aristocratic traditions and values.

So when France proclaimed itself a republic in 1793, it also undermined the political homogeneity of states within the international system.

 Moreover the new regime in France interrupted inter-dynastic relations that had formed the basis of European diplomacy. European monarchies could not establish a regular relationship with  France other than war. Why? Because the bureaucracies of monarchs had no common basis on which to establish relations with a government that did not share their aristocratic values and qualifications. Nor did the French Republic have a diplomatic alternative to war, since it had not been recognized as a legitimate political unit by other states.

The most recent big attack occurred on May 12, 2017 (Goldman 2017). A new ransomware virus -- “Wannacry” -- attacked over 75,000 organizations, including hospitals and governments, locking computer files and demanding payment in the cyber currency bitcoin to release the files. By exploiting a loophole in old Microsoft platforms, hackers corrupted 16 health service organizations in the United Kingdom. Spain’s Telefónica had major problems, FedEx experienced global disruption, and Megafon of Russia was corrupted. The correct answer is E.

Greenpeace work in ecological issues

Liberal theory of idealism consider individual's freedom important anfd favors limited state power

Thucydides mentiones military might and economic power. Machiavelli and Hobbes claimed that power is the most attractive goal to men and to rulers

Political, food and health security are the elements of security. The others, money and home security belong to personal security. 

Hedley Bull underlines the formation of an international society as one of the patterns of relationships based upon mutual rules and institutions that have been set from interactions among those actors having a specific kind of sovereignty.

According to Bull, an international system has three defining characteristics:

1. First, it requires the presence of multiple sovereign states.

2. Second, regular relations and interactions of these states must exist as a part of a system.

3. Third, these states must act while being bound by shared rules and norms that bring them together. The correct answer is E.

All theories but Liberalism can be categorized as “postmodern” approaches. Liberalism is a classical theory of IR.

Critical theorists made their approach distinctive from the more traditional ones. 
• Critical theorists deny that there is a natural reality, apart from human beings.
• Nothing, they argue, can be objectively true or false; indeed, there is no such thing as truth.
• They also place no value on scientific and technological advances for human progress.
• Reason and logictoo are merely conceptual, and are therefore valid only within the established intellectual traditions in which
they are used.
• Furthermore, there is no such thing as human nature; what is taken for it is human psychology, socially created and determined.
• Language does not reflect nature; the meaning of a word is not a staticthing in the world oreven an idea in the mind but rather
a range of contrasts and differences with the meanings of other words. 

The correct option is A.

There are two strands of feminism that tend to be utilized in theoretical analysis based on feminism: (1) difference feminism, and (2) liberal feminism. Difference  feminism values the unique   contributions   of women  as women. Difference feminists      do not think women do all things as well      as men or vice versa. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is A. Liberal feminists allege that difference feminist assertions are based on stereotypes of gender roles. Men and women are equal, according to them. Liberal feminists tend to examine the         International   Relations system less, and to explore women as subjects of study more: women in the military, women state leaders, and other women operating outside the traditional gender roles. Empirical feminism focuses on women or examining gender as a specific dimension of International Relations. Analytical feminism takes up gender as a theoretical category to reveal and explore. Normative feminism reflects on the process of “theorizing as part of a normative agenda for socio-political change.          

In case of a terrorist threat or attack in public places, we can expect

• People avoid public places
• People can not trust each other
• People postpone touristic travel
• Tourism incomes decrease

the option we can not expect is people feel secure at this case: Because, people feel insecure in case of a possible terror attack or threat.