Durkheim developed a theory and explained suicide as a sociological phenomenon, as a social fact. He claimed that there are four types of suicides and the rates of suicide are based on the degrees of social integration and moral regulation in that society. When these two social factors increase or decrease too much, suicide rates get higher. The correct answer is Choice A.

Theological stage: In this stage, the human mind tries to explain everything through supernatural forces.

Metaphysical stage: In this stage, the human mind tries to explain all social and physical phenomena and events through abstract forces.

Positive stage: In this stage, the human mind finally tries to explain all phenomena and events scientifically.

B

August Comte, the founding father of sociology, developed the concept of positivism into sociology.

Comte used the term “sociology” for the first time and established a tradition known as positivist sociology. Therefore the answer is B. 

Weber sees society as a formation consisting of social actions, and defined the study topic of sociology as “social action”.

Interpretive approach argues that social reality cannot be investigated with the methods physical scientists use to investigate the physical realities. The purpose of social research for Interpretive approach is not to explain the casualty relationships, it is to explore how people create meaning, understand and interpret social action and social life. Interpretive approach ultimately makes an explanation too. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Objectivity in research requires using all kind of evidence, including the ones which have the capacity to refute your own argument or to reject your hypothesis. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

An authoritarian state can be defined as the government of a powerful figure or a group. While in democracy, active involvement of citizens is required in political issues; in authoritarian states participation it is either denied or curtailed. In those societies, mostly there is no legitimization and consent of power. Dictatorships and oligarchies are forms of authoritarian states. Usually, social order is provided by oppression. Societies, which are late in the modernization process, might have military dictatorships.

Social stratification stems from inequality relations; is handed over to children; is affected by social and cultural dynamics in addition to economic relations and it is universal. On the other hand, producing qualified goods and selling them cheaply is "family competitive market conditions’’ according to Smith. The correct answer is E. 

It basically emerged to examine the social and economic problems of transition from traditional society to modern society in the 18th and 19th centuries. Early sociologists tried to examine what hold social groups together and also attempted to find a solution to the breakdown of social integrity

The roots of liberalism lie in the transition to capitalism from feudalism in Continental Europe. Liberalism is an ideology emerged in needs of bourgeoisie against the hegemony of dominant classes of feudalism which are aristocracy and monarchy. In other words, liberalism emerged as a result of conflict between aristocracy and bourgeoisie. Liberals challenged the absolute power of the monarchy, supposedly based upon the doctrine of the “divine right of kings”. The correct answer is A.

Ascribed status

Sense of discipline is among the personal reasons of poverty.

The correct answer is D

Theories consist of a set of interrelated propositions, some of which are testable. A proposition is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two concepts. Hypotheses are testable propositions. A hypothesis is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two variables. Variables are measurable indicators of concepts. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Sociology is a relatively new discipline. It basically emerged to examine the social and economic problems of transition from traditional society to modern society in the 18th and 19th centuries.

In the Dictionary of Sociology (Marshall, 1998), political science is defined as an academic discipline which examines power and distribution of power in various types of political systems. Thus, the correct answer is D. 

Laicism involves freedom of thought and faith. However, in a given society, even though freedom of thought and faith is ensured, laicism may not exist.
Laicism is a term that emerged as a consequence of the French constitutional practice in the 19th century; and the terms point out the necessity of the state not relying on a particular religious sect and class (Mardin, 2005: 35). Laicism is an inevitable element of modern social orders.

Weber analyzes the economic structure of society by establishing relationships with cultural structures. He suggests cultural factors affect production not only symbolicaly, more importantly they affect it materially. The correct answer is D.