The statement, 'Sociology is always in conflict with common sense' doesn't explain the difference between sociology and common sense. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The industrial revolution was an important set of changes in technological, economic and social developments characterised by the emergence of new energy sources allowing for mass production. 

Economics discipline explains the determining factors for the price of goods, wage level and production amount, based on the supply and demand relations in the market.

Karl Marx explains the economic structure by its relations with the political, ideological, and cultural structures, which are elements of the social structure other than market relations which are abstracted from social relations, having a different and autonomous organisation. According to Marx, all societies in history depend on an economic base. Marx argues that the mode of production of a society should be looked in order to understand the society. A mode of production is made up of two elements: productive forces and relations of production. Productive forces include physical tools like technology, which are needed to organise economic activities in the production process. Political, legal, ideological, religious, and cultural structures that create society’s superstructure are shaped by the mode of production that is infrastructure of the society. Super-structural institutions are organized to serve capitalists’ interest.

In social life, there are phenomena different than physical sciences examine. These phenomena are known as social facts or social reality. Social facts are created collectively by society. They are exterior, inevitable and limiting for the individuals. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Cultural factors are seen as externals to economy. The dependent variable tries to understand price of goods, production quantity, and wage level in the economics discipline while the independent variables of the theoretical economy include relations that are located in the market structures. The correct answer is A.  

In its classical form, liberalism is usually seen as the dominant ideology of the
Western democracies rooted in Enlightenment thought.  It is “usually identified
with the philosophies of John Locke, David Hume, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who emphasize social contract theory, a world where human beings are guided by enlightened self-interest, rationality, and free choice, and argue
for the minimum intervention of the state in the lives of individuals.

Smith is the first critic of the mercantilist doctrine. One of the subjects he inquires is what a country’s prosperity depends on. According to the economics theory that he based on a criticism of Mercantilism, a nation’s prosperity depends on the nation’s production power, whereas Mercantilists think that a nation’s prosperity depends on the mines the nation has. 

The correct answer is C. 

Not every action is a social action. Social action is an action which is oriented towards the past, present or future actions of the other people. For example, taking revenge out on someone or buying a burglary insurance are social actions. If two people on the way change their directions because of only personal reasons, this is not a social action. However, if they think they are going to crash each other and they change their directions in order to prevent this clash, this is a social action. In short, if an action is made towards other people’s actions, it is a meaningful social action. The correct answer is Choice D.

Sociology analyzes the past and present human relations and the forms and structures occurred that are created by these human relations. The correct answer is A. 

a

It is emphasized that the most significant contribution of Saint-Simon to the development of sociology is the term industrial society, which successfully influenced both the radicals like Marx and conservative theoreticians like Comte at same time. A is the correct answer. 

Achieved status is a social position that a person achieves by his/her own effort, ability, skill and success. Born as a child of a farmer family, a person’s appreciating educational potentials and opportunities effectively, by becoming a teacher, and after that a school manager, and then an inspector may be given as an example of the gained status. The correct answer is C. 

Feudal System:  It is also named as the layer system. In the middle ages, clans system was seen in Europe and in many other traditional civilisations. Social stratification depends on the social status of the family that a person is a member of. Feudal system of Europe was created with the union of aristocrats as the upper class and the nobles. This upper class was named as nobles.

State’s most important function in a given society is maintaining order. In a more globalized world, interrelations of state are crucial. Society is a complex social, economic and political system. One of the function of the state is to resolve possible problems that occur in this complex system. The correct answer is A.

In functionalist approach, society is evaluated in terms of basic needs. The state has emerged as a necessity within the society. These needs are:

1. Maintaining order: State’s most important function in a given society is maintaining order. The state holds the legitimate power in order to maintain and keep the social and political order when needed.
2. Relations with other states/governments: In a more globalized world, interrelations of the states are crucial. Economic relations require political relations. Thus, economic agreements, military agreements, diplomatic affairs and even due to compelling reasons, war might be a result for relations with other states/government.
3. Directing the system: Society is a complex social, economic and political system. Thus, the state is responsible for governing this complex system. One of the function of the state is to resolve possible problems that occur in this complex system.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

In Feudal system in the middle ages, also named as the layer system, clans system was seen in Europe and in many other traditional civilisations. Social stratification depends on the social status of the family that a person is a member of. Therefore, the correct option is C

As power is a term more related to political domain, it is a fact that it exists in stratification systems, in gender mechanisms, even in individual relations. In other words, as power has sociological meanings, it is a powerful analytical tool in order to understand the society and its relations. Thus, power cannot be thought limited to a political domain, it is more than its political meanings encompassing everyday life. Power is a social relation indeed. In most of the definitions of power, there is an assumption of mutual relationship. This might be often a unilateral relationship; sometimes a certain person or group may assert an unlimited power or have control mechanisms over others. The correct answer is A.

According to Spencer, social transformation in Darwin’s terms operates on the hypothesis that the strong ones survive and weak ones die, that is the natural selection law. The correct answer is A. 

In representative democracy there are political systems where “decisions affecting a community are taken, not by its members as a whole, but by people they have elected for this purpose”. Installing democracy could be possible by assuring individual rights and freedoms, right of organization, right to vote and stand for election with constitutional state and law. In representative democracy “citizens elect representatives to serve as bridges between themselves and the government and elected representatives are supposed to convey the concerns and interests of those they represent, and the government is expected to be responsive to the wishes of the people”. In Saudi Arabia, the Saud family owns the state, make the laws. Therefore, the correct option is E.