“The major features of the social democratic stance are the following: • Social democracy endorses liberaldemocratic principles and accepts that political change can and should be brought about peacefully and constitutionally. • Capitalism is accepted as the only reliable means of generating wealth; socialism therefore, is not qualitatively different from capitalism. • Capitalism is nevertheless viewed as morally defective, particularly as a means for distributing wealth; capitalism is associated with structural inequality and poverty. • The defects of the capitalist system can be rectified by the state through a process of economic and social engineering; the state is the custodian of public or common interest. • The nation-state is a meaningful unit of political rule, in the sense that states have a significant capacity to regulate economic and social life within their own borders” (Heywood, 2003: 112). • By redefining itself, social democracy gained power in the second half of the 20th century against neoliberalism in continental Europe. However, at the start of the 21st century, these achievements have weakened. Social democracy could not adapt itself over neoliberalism in terms of changing social and economic conditions, and because of the hegemonic policies of neoliberalism, social democracy declined.

Relative poverty is an an individual’s, a family’s or a social group’s deprivation of the necessary resources to get nourishment adequately, participate in social and cultural activities and live a standard life of the society they live in. It involves the consideration of social needs besides the basic physical needs. Additionally, an average living standard of the society is considered differently from absolute poverty.

Structural approach explains poverty within the frame of society’s economic political structure. According to this approach, among the factors that affect poverty are: lack of economical growth, conflict on income distribution, features of labour markets, informal employment, low wages, insufficient employmentopportunities, unorganized labour, unemployment, economic crises, shrinkage of public expenditures, short-course shocks, population pressure, migration, features of settlements, family structure, education, race, ethnic origin, and discriminations based on gender (Şenses, 2001, p.145-215).

The earliest type of societies is hunting and gathering societies, which exist since 50,000 BC to present. The correct answer is Choice B.

Paternalism might resemble a father figure starting from the 19^th century, particularly a father from a more kindly and stable time, superimposed on the image of a boss. According to Sennett, this picture of authority is paternalism, as high capitalism constructed it. Paternalism is mostly seen in authoritarian regimes or where democratic values and culture are not established in a given society. In Turkey as well, the state is seen as a father in political culture; some leaders who have charismatic and/or traditional authority could be seen as a “father” portrait.

By utilising dependent and independent variables, we can exemplify economic sociology’s way of understanding and explaining events as the subjects of economics. Let’s look at the factors that affect the behaviours of the entrepreneur, employee and consumer.

Dependent Variable
What would be the factors that affect entrepreneur behaviours?
What would be the factors that affect employee behaviours?
What would be the factors that affect consumer behaviours?

Independent Variable
Psychological, cultural, social structure, social expectations, value provision conflicts-tax evasion, bribe, etc. 

As you see above, an entrepreneur’s bribery to maximize the profit cannot be evaluated as a rational behaviour. Factors like marketing, adverstisement, gender, status, education, age, and belief may affect a consumer’s behaviour. Therefore, the correct option is C

In a representative democracy, there are political systems where “decisions affecting a community are taken, not by its members as a whole, but by people they have elected for this purpose”. Thus the answer is A. 

The approach which depends on the thoughts of Wilhelm Dilthey and Max Weber is Interpretive Approach. Critical approach depends on the thoughts of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. When the structure of social reality is examined, it will be seen that Critical Approach supports the idea that social realities are the conflicts which are created by the underlying mechanisms of the surface. They cannot be seen at first glance by individuals. On the other hand, the approach which supports the idea that social realities are the regularities which exist independent of individual subjectivity and which wait to be discovered is the Positivist Approach. In Critical Approach, the aim of the social research is to criticize and transform social relations and to change the World not to understand and define social action and to put forward how people make sense of social facts in their natural environments. It is the aim of the social research in Interpretive Approach. In Critical Approach, a good finding displays the illusions and uncovers social realities. In terms of human nature, Critical Approach supports the idea that people are creative entities with potential, who are trapped by illusions and exploitation not the idea that people do not act with their own will, they act rationally and their behaviors are shaped by exterior forces. It is supported by the Positivist Approach. The correct answer is Choice C.

• All of them are empirical, because all of them investigate observable facts related to human actions such as behaviors, images, voices or states.

• All of them are systematical because all of them refuse arbitrary, defective, inadequate studies and all include rigorous and meticulous studies.

• All of them are theoretical because although the nature and purpose of theories are different for each approach, none of the approaches claims that the social world consists of chaos and disorder; all of them defend that explaining or understanding
the social world is possible. 

According to Heywood liberalism has a distinctive set of values and beliefs which are; the individual, freedom, reason, justice, toleration and diversity. Conservatism not related to the question. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

e