Weber, unlike positivism, also places social action into the centre of sociology and sociological analysis. According to Weber, while sociology is trying to explain social action, it should use a concept or methodological tool called ideal type instead of certain concepts used in natural sciences such as law. Weber’s sociology is called as social action, interpretative and exploratory sociology in the literature and is considered one of the best examples of a general approach in sociology called interactionism. The correct answer is B.

Sociology analyzes the past and present human relations and the forms and structures that are created by these human relations.

Spencer developed a social transformation theory that was similar to the evolutionary development of a biological organism.

Laicism, is the separation of religious and state affairs; it comprises more than this conventional definition of the term. Laicism involves freedom of thought and faith. Kışlalı argues that laic social order is an order for everyone from diverse religions and beliefs, on equal conditions, observing the same regulations, not distinguishing any religious privileges and supremacy. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Marxist perspective claims there are different interests between who hold the power (means of production) and who do not, and this differentiation in interests leads to a conflict in the society. For Marx, power is concentrated in the hands of those who have the economic control within a society. “From this perspective, the source of power lies in the economic infrastructure:

1. In all class-divided societies the means of production are owned and controlled by the ruling class. This relationship to the means of production provides the basis of its dominance. It therefore follows that the only way to return power to the people involves communal ownership of the means of production.
2. In a communist society, power would be more equally distributed among the whole of the population, since the means of production would be communally owned rather than owned by individuals.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

Durkheim, in his well-known work titled Suicide, examines the changes in the cases of suicides in order to depict that suicide is a social fact although it seems to be an individual action at first. The correct answer is A. 

Charismatic authority is based on the devotion of followers or subordinates to what they define as the exceptional characteristics of a leader. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk the best example to a charismatic leader since he inspired many revolutionist leaders in the world throughout the history. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

Saint-Simon argued that social problems that occurred during the transition from feudal society to industrial society would be solved with the help of social physics. 

Saint-Simon claimed that a positive science is necessary to analyze the problems that emerged during the industrial society phase following the French Revolution and based his ideas and actions on these arguments accordingly.

Positivism is an approach suggesting that the social and physical world can be examined through observation and experiments. Saint-Simon, Comte and others used the concept “positive or positivism” as equivalent to “scientific”. The correct answer is A.

-Caste system is a stratification form, which is mostly seen in India and partially in South Africa. In the caste system, inequalities are created by some characteristics like religion, lineage, ethnic connection, and race that an individual gets by birth and they are believed not to change.

- In the stratification system of caste, castes are solid and movements between castes do not happen. 

-In the caste system, inequalities are created by some characteristics like religion, lineage, ethnic connection, and race that an individual gets by birth and they are believed not to change.

Sociologists classify the types of societies depending mainly on their characteristics of production. Therefore, although human groups have established many types of societies through the history, sociologists usually refer to six types of society. These are hunting and gathering societies, pastoral societies, agrarian societies, traditional states, industrial societies and post-industrial societies.

Depending on these similarities and differences, Durkheim developed a theory and explained suicide as a sociological phenomenon, as a social fact. The correct answer is Choice C.

Herbert Spencer of England contributed to the early development of sociology with his evolutionary social development theory. Inspired by Comte’s works and having an important role in early phases of British sociology, Spencer adapted the “natural selection” principle, which means the survival of the fittest, into social evolution and rejected any type of state interventions and social reforms that are supportive of disadvantaged individuals in social life. Therefore, the correct option is E.

All of those are among the factors that distinguish sociology from commonsense. Hence, E is the correct answer. 

Political parties are organizations which attempt to get representatives elected to positions in parliaments or their local equivalents. Pluralist approach claims that political parties are representative for the following reasons:

1. The public directly influences party policy, since, in order to be elected to govern, parties must reflect the wishes and interests of the electorate in their programmes.

2. If existing parties do not sufficiently represent sections of society, a new party will usually emerge…

3. Parties are accountable to the electorate, since they will not regain power if they disregard the opinions and interests of the public.

4. Parties cannot simply represent a sectional interest since, to be elected to power, they require the support of various interests in society.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

E

Economical Inequality refers to the status of individuals and families differ depending on material resources like their assets, income, wage and salary in the society. Economic inequalities are measured by these owned material resources.  Health is a Social Inequality. The right answer is E.

Authority based on the belief in long-running traditions is traditional authority. In other words, traditional authority is power legitimized through respect for long-established cultural patterns. According to this type of authority, there should be a belief in the rightness of established customs and traditions, and traditional status of the traditional authority is inherited.

Political sociology is the “study of power and the intersection of society and politics” Unlike political science, political sociology is a sociological branch “which is concerned with the social causes and consequences of given power distributions within or between societies, and with the social and political
conflicts that lead to changes in the allocation of power”.  In other words, it is a
sub-discipline that analyses “political authority’s institutional, regulations of functions of political authority and transformation of political system”
“Whereas political science deals mainly with the machinery of government, the mechanisms of public administration, and the formal political realm of elections, public opinion, pressure groups, and political behaviour, sociological analysis of political phenomena is concerned rather more with the interrelationships between politics, social structures, ideologies, and culture” (Marshall, 1998). The correct answer is C.