According to sociological approach, religion should primarily be taken a social rather than theological or psychological phenomenon. Sociology focuses on the social consequences and correlates of religion but no sociological explanations suggest the truth or falsity of any religious belief. When sociologists study religion, they do so as unbiased scientists and not as believers (or disbelievers) in any particular faith. This stance has a number of implications: Sociologists are not concerned with whether religious beliefs are true or false. The sociological perspective regards religions as socially constructed by human beings.

Marx noted that not only religious ideas, but also all cultural ideas are a reflection of the material production system and thus serve the interests of the dominant class.

A recent change in family life patterns in Western societies is that more and more unmarried couples are having children. The answer is C.

Marxist view of religion is criticised because it is based on a reductionist argument where religion is merely the reflection of societal forces. The answer is A. 

According to Berger and Luckmann, religion is socially constructed as a means of responding to life's uncertainties and disruptions.

If Murdock’s definition of family is accepted, there is no family in Nayar society because husbands and wives do not maintain a sexually approved adult relationship, and they do not live together or cooperate economically. In this case, either Murdock defined family too narrowly or the family is not universal.

The norms are cultural rules, which arise with the reward and punishment system and affect the individuals’ behaviours. All cultures, subcultures and groups have distinctive and specific norms that direct correct behaviours. The acts and laws, rules about clothing, games and sports, etc. all reflect social norms. The rules are required for a society. There will be chaos in a society, where norms do not exist. The norm is a system of rules with sanctions. The correct answer is B.

Endogamy is the practice of marrying only within a specific ethnic, social or religious group and rejecting people out of this group

Values: The values serve an important function in terms of determining which attitudes and behaviors are right or wrong, fair or unfair.

- Everything in the life of a society is perceived according to values. Values are the principles such as freedom and equality that define the ideal principles of what is desired and right in a society or group. Values might create conflict in the same way that they provide behavioral rules. 

-Values are the cultural determinants of behaviors and they define the behaviors expected from members of a culture and which behaviors are to be avoided. The differences in values are reflected as differences in behaviors. 

-The acts and laws, rules about clothing, games and sports, etc. all reflect social norms.

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism-religion responds to the basic human need to understand the purpose of life. In doing so, religion must give meaning to the social world within which life occurs.

The natural law approach which was widely accepted in the First Age was almost forgotten in the Middle Age under the influence of Christianity and the search for a “natural law” outside the “dogma” was not welcomed. In the 16th century, the natural law was interpreted by Jean Bodin (1530-1596) as a means of legitimizing the absolute monarchy.

The countries with the highest religious diversity are mostly in the Asian-Pacific.

A and E are organized crimes, while B and C can be cybercrimes. However, white-collar crimes are committed by individuals belonging to wealthy segments of society, such as tax evasion, illegal sales, securities and real estate frauds and embezzlement. The answer is D.

This approach focuses on the social unity and integrative functions of culture. The answer is B. 

The concept of sociological imagination is proposed by American sociologist C. Wright Mills to define the awareness of relationship between personal, private experience and wider society. Sociological imagination means to comprehend the history, the biography, and their relationship in the society.

Deviance is closely related to the social structure and culture from which it emerges as a social phenomenon. The social bases of deviance could be listed as follows:

• Deviance varies depending on cultural norms. No thought or behavior is deviant by itself, but they become deviant in terms of their relation to certain norms.
• People become deviant because the others qualify them as such.
• The definition of norms and violations of rules by societies involves social power.

In its earliest formulations by Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire, Marx, Comte, and Spencer, there is little doubt that secularization involved a linear and unstoppable decline of religion to the point of its disappearance. August Comte, pioneering French sociologist as a founder of discipline of sociology, suggests that human history passed through three stages, namely, theological, metaphysical and positive stage.