Aristotle states that the “friendly relationships” between human beings, Grotius states that the “relations originating from people’s sense of searching for their fellows,” Durkheim and Duguit state that the “relations of solidarity arising from similar and different needs” and Marx and Engels state that the “relationships of exploitation among classes” emerge on the basis of law. The answer is E.

The optimistic view of functionalism on family has come under strong criticism. Some of the main critical views on family are of Edmund Leach and R.D. Laing. Anthropologist Edmund R. Leach is one of the students of Malinowski. Leach addresses family in industrial societies from a pessimistic point of view. Leach shows that in small-scale pre-industrial societies, the family is a part of a wider kinship network and this network provides people more support than the nuclear family. On the other hand, nuclear family in industrial societies is isolated from the wider kinship network and people lack their kin’s individual and continuous moral support. In the isolated nuclear family, members expect and demand too much from each other but cannot meet the expectations of other members. For Leach, the result of this increased stress between the spouses and the stress between the parents and the children is conflict. The correct answer is B.

Ethnocentrism, which seems normal and natural for every cultural identity at first sight, comes out as homophobia, heterophobia, xenophobia, islamophobia and racism at different doses. On the other hand, the choice of C, acrophobia refers to a different concept which means the fear of heights. The correct answer is C. 

Among others, only Margaret Benston is among Marxist feminists. C is the correct answer. 

The sociology of law is a very young science branch and its eponym is D. Anzilotti, an Italian lawyer. Anzilotti described the task of this new branch of science, which he called “sociologia juridica” in 1892, as an empirical analysis of legal events.

Adam Smith (1723-1790), Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Max Weber (1864-1920) deeply influenced the development of economics sociology.

The answer is B. Status refers to a current situation, while assets are material or abstract tools. Social mobility refers to the ability to change one's status, social inequality refers to the differences between status, and life chance is indicative of the possibility of living a healthy life under given circumstances.

The term culture, which was previously used to mean “cultivation,” or “breeding” in relation to agricultural activities, has now turned into a universe of meanings that includes layers of meanings such as the development of the human mind, the development process, the means of progression, and the mental state of the mind. 

The social-conflict paradigm of Marx highlights religion’s support for social hierarchy. Religion, as claimed by Marx, serves ruling elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting people’s attention from the social inequities of society. Most religions create or reinforce systems of stratification. To this extent, religion is a form of alienation; it is a symptom of social malformation that disguises the exploitative nature of capitalist society. Thus, the social-conflict theory approached to the issue of religion as an issue legitimizing the social inequality.

-Every society develops a normative order.

-The norms are divided into two categories, namely, official norms and unofficial norms (İçli, 2002:105,106):
a. Official Norms: These are the official and written rules such as laws, regulations, statutes, circulars and board decisions. The punishments and rewards regarding these norms are predetermined.
b. Unofficial Norms: These are non-written norms, and punishments and rewards are not explicitly stated for such norms. The individuals might face sanctions such as condemnation, mocking, exclusion and insults.

Marx believed religion provided comfort for the poor, and drew their attention away from their present misery and the inequalities and injustices of this world with promises of a future, golden life after death. Religion, as claimed by Marx, serves ruling elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting people’s attention from the social inequities of society.Correct option is D. The idea that 'society is more powerful than the individual' belongs to Durkheim.

Conflict theories enphasize the important of social structures in societies; however, unlike
functionalism, which focuses on the consensus,
they focus on power, social divisions, inequality
and struggle among different groups pursuing their
own interests (Giddens, 2009:24).

Value is defined as the thoughts or principles that are thought to be true and necessary by the majority of its members in order to sustain the existence of a society or a social group. Values are the criteria that tell us what is right, what is wrong, what is wanted and what is not wanted in determining our
behaviour within society. The correct answer is D.

Functionalists are criticized in a number of aspects. Murdock in particular was criticized for ignoring the alternatives of the nuclear family. Correct answer is E.

The roots of the social sciences, which emerged in the 19th century, lie in the Enlightenment period. There are many disciplines of social sciences, such as economics, history, political science, anthropology, psychology, and these are all related to each other. All of these disciplines examine human behavior, they are all interested in the human- built social World. Philosophy and sociology have a close relation. The rise of sociology is mostly the result of a philosophical desire, the desire to give meaning to human history, to explain the social crisis in the 19th century and to create a social doctrine that will guide to social politics. The relation between philosophy and sociology has three main dimensions. First, sociology makes use of philosophy of science, as it is a science itself. Second, sociology is interested in values while studying social facts, so it has to know the debates of values in ethics and social philosophy. Third, sociology helps new philosophical questions to arise. The correct answer is Choice B.