A data warehouse is a special type of relational database that is specifically designed and optimized also data from the other sources. Thus, data from several external or internal sources are consolidated by organizations.

The boundary of system must firstly be set to be able to determine the system. Everything stays out of the system constitutes the environment of system. The system boundary is a field separating the system from its environment. Another concept related with the system is system interface.

Data warehouses are subject oriented: they are designed to help people analyze data. For example, to learn more about your company’s sales data, you can build a warehouse that concentrates on sales. Using this warehouse, it is possible to answer questions like “Who was our best customer for this item this year?” This ability to define a data warehouse by subject matter, sales in this case, makes the data warehouse subject oriented.

Data processing is the transformation process of data to information as a result of some specific operations on raw data. Accordingly, data is the input and information is the output of data processing. Activities performed in data processing may be listed as in the following:

• Record ?
• Verify ?
• Classify ?
• Sort or adjust ?
• Mathematical or logical calculation ?
• Summarize ?
• Reproduce ?
• Store ?
• Access ?
• Transfer ?

On the other hand, the ability to learn from experience and adapt to changing conditions. Data, information and knowledge are impersonal concepts unlike wisdom. Wisdom deals with individual’s values, intuitions, understanding, interpretations and judgments.

In general, discovery prototyping is used for the areas where the requirements cannot be determined. It allows system users and developers to try the system and get information about how the system works. It also helps to understand the feasibility and the benefit of the system without high cost.

Scheduling feasibility: Is it possible to set up the proposed system in the determined time interval? For this purpose, project activity scheduling techniques like PERT and Gantt charts are used to determine whether it is feasible to setup system on time.

Business processes are the series of activities which are supposed to be performed for the completion of a specific job in the business and have logical relationship between one another. The series of activities performed during the period from receipt of order to delivery of product to customer in a manufacture company is an example of business process. Each step of this process which are receiving order, producing, delivery and making collection are sub-business processes.

The steps of the database design are summarized in the following figure.

 As can be observed from the figure, the first step is data planning.

Transformation from explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge: It is the process of knowledge generation in the form of having experience by using explicit sources of knowledge. This is learned by practicing. It is enhancing practitioner’s tacit knowledge by increasing his/her ability or experience through assimilation of explicit knowledge or adding new ones. This process is defined as internalization. Business employees transform explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge when they apply updated data and information along with rules, and when they use them in business processes.

Tactical management is the level of management consisting of medium level managers such as division managers, group or team leaders in group and team works. Decisions in tactical management level are those in which strategic decisions are elaborated and uncertainty is relatively reduced. These decisions are made to ensure that resources are acquired and used effectively and efficiently in order to fulfill the decisions made at strategic level.

 • Expose of sensitive payroll and benefits data among employees • Loss of sensitive personnel data outside the business (such as the Social Security Number) • Unauthorized updates of key data such as salary amounts and stock options • Sharing of personnel or applicant review • Sharing data with external businesses and service providers. 

Evaluation and measurement of knowledge is the last step of knowledge management that carries out control and feedback functions after the knowledge is implemented.

Human resource metrics are one of the measurements which help determine the effectiveness of human resource programs. Turnover, training, return on human capital, costs of labor, and expenses per employee can be valued by HR metrics.

Adoption of HRIS may bring uncertain, confused and indefinite changes in the work processes and job definitions. This may cause stress and tension among employees.

Non-employees are classified as: • Job seekers, • Partner businesses.

Compliance Risks are defined as the risks that HRIS fails to comply with legal and regulatory requirements. This might result in employees being able to avoid electronically signed agreements.

The advantages of using DBMS in information system can be listed as follows:

• Controlling redundancy
• Restricting unauthorized access
• Providing persistent storage for objects and data structures
• Permitting inferences actions
• Providing multiple user interface
• Representing complex relationship data
• Enforcing integrity constraints
• Providing backup and recovery

Sales order follow up, Material movements control, Employee records follow up, Receivable follow up are parts of Transaction processing system.

To provide practical value from HR Metrics, metrics should identify the source of data, purpose of measurement, and frequency of measurement. To provide practical value from HR Metrics, metrics should identify the source of data, purpose of measurement, and frequency of measurement. However, HR Scorecard introduces the management of metrics system that identifies the behaviors, attitudes, skills required for human resource effectiveness.

Imitation of knowledge is imitating a business practice that was successful in another business. Because this practice belongs to business environment and it is external, this is external knowledge acquisition.