Organizational goals should be measurable, results-oriented, realistic, challenging, and have a clear time frame.

The organizational culture is part of internal environment.  Task environment is a set of forces and conditions that originate with suppliers, distributors, customers, and competitors; these forces and conditions affect an organization’s ability to obtain inputs and produce outputs.  

The monitor role, the disseminator role, and the spokesperson
role

In addition to generations X and Y, we are now becoming familiar with the term “Generation Z”. This latest generation is highly skilled in the use of social media, mobile technology, and computer-driven environments than earlier generations. Each generation has certain generic characteristics even though they differ by national cultures. Managers should have the expertise to work with the complexity of relationships among different generations and minimize conflicts.

General environment

The external environment comprises of factors affecting organizations indirectly and what managers can do to control them is very limited.

The classical management theory involves several approaches: systematic management, scientific management, bureaucracy, and general administrative management.

Organizational culture indicates overall values of work relations among employees as well as attitudes towards customers. The correct answer is B.

Master budget is an overall financial and operating plan for a forthcoming calendar or fiscal year. Operating budget shows income and expenses that are likely to be produced through the current operations of the organization (does not include non-operating items such as income from investments). Cash budget presents expected cash inflow and outflow for a designated time period. Flexible budget allows resources to vary in proportion with various levels of activity (e.g. setting aside extra money to have it available for hiring and paying temporary workers, in case sales increase and so does the need for production). Expense budget includes the money planned to be spent on all the primary activities of a unit together with the amount to be spent on each item during a year. The correct answer is Choice D.

Ritual: A standardized set of behaviors used to manage anxieties.

Tactical plans translate strategic plans into specific goals for specific parts of the organization. They specify how the organization’s resources can be used to put strategies into action. Tactical plans in business often take the form of functional plans that indicate how different operations within the organization will contribute to the overall strategy. Moreover, operational plans translate tactical plans into specific goals and actions for small units of the organization and focus on the near term (12 months or less). The correct answer is A. 

There are various definitions of management, one of which defines management as “an act of getting people to work together to achieve organizational goals through effective and efficient use of resources”. This brief definition of management involves all four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading/ influencing, and controlling. All managerial activities performed by business managers are represented in these four functions.

It rejects the idea that there is a best way or a solution for all
organizational and managerial problems.

Decisional roles are critical for making decisions that affect organization partially or as a whole. Business managers possess authority and responsibility to make decisions. There are four decisional roles:

• The entrepreneurial role
• The disturbance handler role
• The resource allocator role
• the negotiator role

Regardless of the type and size, all organizations utilize four main resources. These resources are human, financial, physical, and information. Labor is included in human resources.

Managers today need to be fully aware of the current and profound changes; moreover they need to be equipped with hard and soft skills and competencies for effectively managing complex business organizations.

Scientific management approach is among the classical management approaches .

A code of ethics declares the values, ethics, objectives, and responsibilities of the companies. Codes of ethics commonly address such issues as conflict of interest, privacy of information, gift giving, and giving and receiving political contributions. The correct answer is E.

Planning is the process of determining where to go by doing what. Planning is intertwined with effectiveness, which is defined as the achievement of organizational goals. In fact, the planning process involves determining those goals and how to reach them.

The whole organizational management