“Controls relate to organization as a whole” is a true statement about Strategic Controls. The other choices are about Tactical Controls.

“The number of the products in the market” is not one of the principal models of market structure.

Task-oriented behaviors indicate a focus on production and technical aspects of a job.

Development level or readiness of employees are determined based on: their commitment to their job (willingness, motivation, confidence) and their competency level (knowledge, skills, confidence, experience).

Employee: Competent; not committed enough due to lack of confidence?Leadership: Supporting –high supportive, low directive

Employee: Not committed; incompetent Leadership: Coaching-high supportive, high directive

Employee: Committed; competent Leadership: Delegating-low supportive, low directive

Employee: Committed; incompetent due to lack of skills or experience?Leadership: Directing-low supportive, high directive

Steps in the basic control process follow the logic of planning: III, I, IV, II.

Steps in the basic control process follow the logic of planning: (1) establish standards and methods to measure performance, (2) measure performance, (3) compare the actual performance with the established standards, whether performance matches the standard and then (4) taking corrective action as needed.

The organizing function is concerned with arranging and assigning tasks, allocating resources, and structuring work in order to reach organizational objectives. The correct answer is A. 

The history of management thought does not refer to a chronological listing of events. The appropriate approach to study the history of management should be developing an understanding of the impact of environmental forces?that affect organizations. Such a historical perspective is a?way to achieve strategic thinking, see the big picture, and?improve conceptual skills. us, analysis of social, political,?economic, and technological forces that affect management?practices over time serves as a good starting point.

Feedforward controls are designed to detect and anticipate deviations from standards at various points before work is performed. Feedforward controls prevents problems before the operation takes place. This form of operational control focuses on the quality, quantity, and characteristics of the inputs into the production process.

Accountants need to pay full attention to the details of the documents, forms, and transactions since these can be of utmost importance. So, “Attention to Detail” culture fits well to accounting firms.

There are two forms of authority: line authority and staff authority. Line authority takes the form of the employer-employee relationship that moves from top to bottom according to the chain of command. Staff authority on the other hand, is created to assist, support, and advise the work of line managers. The correct answer is D. 

Internal control consists of a set of rules, procedures and organizational structures which aim to:

• Protect the company’s assets against waste, fraud, and inefficiency.
• Ensure the reliability and integrity of accounting and operating data.
• Promote operational efficiency.
• Ensure that operations comply with all existing rules and regulations.

Core competencies are unique strengths, that are deeply embedded within a company. Core competencies are key for sustainable competitive advantage. Being superior in marketing, in creating algorithms, or in designing products are some examples of core competencies. Companies preserve their core competencies through resources and capabilities: resources reinforce and capabilities orchestrate core competencies. Core competencies leverage company activities, which will lead to competitive advantage.

Internal audit is an essential part of internal control. Internal control system designed by companies for the purpose of efficient and effective business processes, reliable financial reporting and compliance with rules and regulations are assesses through internal audit activities. The internal audit will examine the adequacy and effectiveness of the internal controls and make recommendations where control improvements are needed. Internal auditors are company employees who continuously evaluate the effectiveness of the company’s internal control systems.

Process perspectives focus on peoples’ behaviors which may be affected by environmental factors besides needs. The key point is how to cause employees to repeat or not repeat those behaviors. Some known process perspectives of motivation are equity theory, expectancy theory, and goal setting. Equity theory is concerned with equality in different respects, e.q. pay, promotion etc. and employees are motivated when they feel that they are valued the same way others are.

People-oriented behaviors indicate a supportive approach to subordinates. Managers with this type of orientation dealt with high performance goals and human needs. Today, we must emphasize that the success and effectiveness of different behaviors depend on the necessity of the circumstances which is influenced by constant change. The correct answer is D.

The audiences who can affect or can be affected by the achievement of a company’s objectives are called stakeholders. Stakeholders can be divided into two groups: internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are stockholders, board of directors, executive officers, other managers, and employees. External stakeholders are all other individuals and groups that have some claim on the company.