The history of OB starts with the most influential Greek philosophers, whose thoughts are still valid for today’s organizations. The roots of OB can be traced back to the writings of Plato who mentioned essence of leadership and specialization, and Aristotle who addressed persuasive communication. During Renaissance time in Italy, Machiavelli, who was considered as the founder of history and political science, discussed power and politics. Later, in 1776, Adam Smith suggested division of labor. The modern history of OB, based on these ancient roots, is also not a new field of study; there had been more than one hundred years of progress about the field. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements given in the answer choices are correct.

Motivation and interactional justice is explained by Social Exchange Theory. Theory asserts that people act according to what they receive. The more they receive a fair treatment the more they invest. When employees believe their superiors are fair enough in their interactions (interactional justice), they will reciprocate with working hard or citizenship behavior.

Conscientiousness:  Dependable, hardworking, organized, self-disciplined, persistent, responsible

Emotional Stability: Calm, secure, happy, unworried

Agreeableness: Cooperative, warm, caring, good-natured, courteous, trusting

Extraversion: Sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, gregarious

Openness to Experience: Curious, intellectual, creative, cultured, artistically sensitive, flexible, imaginative

The correct match of the above items is 1-Z, 2-Q, 3-W, 4-Y. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Organizational culture is defined as the set of shared beliefs, values, attitudes, norms, goals and practices among the organizational members, so that these shared values and behaviors form a unique psychological and social organizational environment that characterize the organization.

Task significance is the extent to which the job affects the lives or work of other people. A policeman has high task significance (society) because he/she works for the sake of the society. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

The Hierarchy of Needs Theory, X and Y Theory, ERG Theory, Two-Factor Theory and Theory of Needs are called as Content Theories. Process Theory is not one of them.

Douglas McGregor (1960) proposed the theory based on two distinct groups of views as X and Y. Theory X is based on the assumptions as employees dislike work, and they do not like to take responsibility and must be directed or even forced to exhibit performance. They were motivated only by money or other material gains. On the other hand, Theory Y assumes that employees can enjoy working and see it as natural as fun. They like to take responsibility and try to do their best. Employees can be motivated by more humanistic initiatives like recognition and development. Luthans (2011, p.11) stated in his book as “companies are coming to realize that knowledge workers, who have been identified as the creators of future wealth, thrive only under Theory Y. Theory X is becoming extinct”. The correct answer is Choice B.

The emergence of scientific management represents the peak of this development, which dates back to the end of 19th century. Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), who was an engineer and manufacturing manager at a steel company in U.S., is best known for defining scientific management techniques, in other words applying engineering principles to the study of work tasks. But, also with an engineering background, as he applied the scientific principles to human behavior in organizations, emphasizing human productivity and efficiency in work-behavior; Taylor’s work is generally recognized as the beginning of the history of modern organizational behavior. Taylor indicated that with division of labor and work specialization, time and effort of employees for the production of a unit of product will be reduced which results in a more efficient production process. Taylor not only focused on the efficiency; by focusing on work processes to increase efficiency, he also systematically studied human behavior and the interaction of people with their tasks and physical conditions. In order to achieve his goal of maximum output, he focused on developing stable and predictable work behaviors and eliminating or reducing variability resulting from human factors. Believing that the primary employee motivation was money, Taylor developed piece-rate systems of pay that is differential incentive systems based on extra completed work. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements related to scientific management given in the answer choices are correct.

There is a difference between declared values and espoused values. Over time, espoused values may transform into basic assumptions. For example, an organization may state that it values frugality, but it may be known for having very large customer entertainment budgets, taking its mid-level managers on an annual retreat, and other expensive practices. In this example, frugality is a declared value, but it is not an espoused value of the organizational culture. The correct answer is B.

Basic personality theories  are  cognitive theory, learning theory and biological theory.

The national culture dimensions of differences in organizations are: uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, power distance, masculinity-femininity, long-term orientation and indulgence. The correct answer is B.

Systems theory changed the way of thinking in organizational studies; starting from 1960s, research which were undertaken within the framework of contingency theory dominated the organizational behavior field. Contingency theory, which was first termed in 1967 by Lawrence and Lorsch who investigated the effect of uncertainty and variance on organizations; represents an important part of systems approach. Within the scope of contingency theory, organizations are studied as a system. The theory focuses on both the relations of sub-systems of the organization and the relation of these sub-systems with the situations outside the organizations. Contingency theory did not totally remove the assumptions of prior approaches, but it brought a new perspective to them, which were the consideration of environmental factors and the fit of organizational factors with these external factors. The correct answer is Choice is C.

Glass-ceiling, which was first coined by Hymowitz and Schellhardt in Wall Street Journal in 1986, defines an invisible barrier that prevents women (or the minorities) from rising above the hierarchical-level.

An organization means an organized effort of people, which satisfies the society’s needs for its own purpose. 

The Industrial Revolution which took place firstly in Great Britain during the late 1700s and early 1800s.

When studying how culture and climate are formed and maintained, researchers have focused on two very important and interrelated elements: i) the role of leaders, and ii) the selection and socialization processes within organizations. The correct answer is C.

Biological theory indicates that personality is genetically inherited.

The correct answer is C.

Unlike espoused values, basic assumptions are unconscious; they are “taken-for-granted beliefs, habits of perception, thought, and feeling”. In organizations, they ensure that members pay attention to the same things in the same ways, interpret them in similar ways, and react similarly emotionally. They are in fact the least visible and the most difficult to discover element of organizational culture. However, because these assumptions are the least visible and most ingrained, they may also result in very serious problems when different organizational cultures meet. The correct answer is D.

The lives of Xers ( Generation Xers ) have been shaped by globalization, twocareer parents, AIDS, and computers. Xers value flexibility, life options, and the achievement of job satisfaction. Family and relationships are very important. Xers are skeptical, particularly of authority. They also enjoy team-oriented work.

The most recent entrants to the workforce, the Millennials (also called Netters, Nexters, Generation Yers, and Generation Y ) grew up during prosperous times. Millennials are the first generation to take technology for granted.

The  correct answer is D.

Cognitive Evaluation theory is the baseline of Self-Determination theory. It is developed to highlight extrinsic-intrinsic rewards balance determining employee motivation. The correct answer is A.