Examples for antecedents of affective commitment are personal characteristics and work experience. Examples for antecedents of continuance commitment are personal characteristics, alteratives, and investments. Examples for antecedents of normative commitment are personal characteristics, socialization experiences, and organizational investments. The correct answer is Choice C.

Empirical and conceptual evidence suggests that unethical work behavior results from one or more of three reasons:

1. Individual characteristics including personality and demographics.

2. Characteristics of the moral issue such as how high the consequences may be or how soon the results will occur.

3. Organizational environment, specifically the ethical climate.

Climate strength indicates the degree of agreement or similarity between members of the same group about their perceptions of climate. Higher agreement or similarity indicates higher climate strength.

The correct answer is D.

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), who was an engineer and manufacturing manager at a steel company in U.S., is best known for defining scientific management techniques, in other words applying engineering principles to the study of work tasks.

TERMINAL VALUES (End states of existence): Happiness, Knowledge & Wisdom, Peace & Harmony in the world, A sense of accomplishment, Security, A world of Beauty, ...

INSTRUMENTAL VALUES (Preferred ways to achieve terminal values): Ambitious & Hard-working, Broad-minded, Capable & Compotent, Cheerful, Courageous, Forgiving, Helpful, Honest,...

The correct answer is B.

Although it is primarily identified with psychology, OB field also emerged from sociology, political science and economics (Schneider, 1985). Besides, anthropology field has important contributions for OB. In addition to social sciences, engineering and medicine also contributed to its development

The history of OB starts with the most influential Greek philosophers, whose thoughts are still valid for today’s organizations. The roots of OB can be traced back to the writings of Plato who mentioned essence of leadership and specialization, and Aristotle who addressed persuasive communication. During Renaissance time in Italy, Machiavelli, who was considered as the founder of history and political science, discussed power and politics. Later, in 1776, Adam Smith suggested division of labor. The modern history of OB, based on these ancient roots, is also not a new field of study; there had been more than one hundred years of progress about the field. As it will be discussed, the major milestones within the history of OB represent the spirit of its time. It is generally considered that systematic organizational studies began as an academic discipline, after the Industrial Revolution which took place firstly in Great Britain during the late 1700s and early 1800s. This is the first milestone for OB. The correct answer is Choice B.

The emergence of scientific management represents the peak of this development, which dates back to the end of 19th century. Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), who was an engineer and manufacturing manager at a steel company in U.S., is best known for defining scientific management techniques, in other words applying engineering principles to the study of work tasks. But, also with an engineering background, as he applied the scientific principles to human behavior in organizations, emphasizing human productivity and efficiency in work-behavior; Taylor’s work is generally recognized as the beginning of the history of modern organizational behavior. The correct answer is Choice E.

The Big Five personality traits, also known as the Openness to Experience and these are Curious, intellectual, creative, cultured, artistically sensitive, flexible and imaginative.  Big Five and their major characteristics. Importantly, The Big Five have been extended through meta- analytic studies to also demonstrate a positive relationship with behaviors and attitudes of employees such as performance motivation and job satisfaction such as imagination, insight dislikes change, does not enjoy new things and resists new ideas.

Motives are classified as primary and secondary motives. Primary motives are unlearned arising physiologically. The most commonly recognized primary motives include hunger, sex, sleep, thirst and avoidance of pain. These needs are required for human survival. Secondary motives are satisfied after a goal pursued. These motives are learned motives which arise dependent upon a situation. When there is a link between the goal and the environment or context in which the motive is satisfied, this environment or context is converted to the motive itself. It is about the learning principle of reinforcement. They are the most important motives for the study of organizational behavior. Some of the important ones are power, achievement, affiliation. The correct answer is Choice C.

Organizational culture is defined as the set of shared beliefs, values, attitudes, norms, goals and practices among the organizational members, so that these shared values and behaviors form a unique psychological and social organizational environment that characterize the organization. The behaviors of organizational members are mainly regulated by the unique environment created by the culture of organization. The correct answer is Choice A.

Perceptual errors are the mistakes in the perceptual process. Stereotype and the halo effect are the common perceptual errors. Stereotypes are the beliefs and perceived attributes about a target based on any characteristic. The term stereotype refers to the tendency to perceive another person (hence social perception) as belonging to a single class or category. In particular, it is employed in analyzing prejudice. Not commonly acknowledged is the fact that stereotyping may attribute favorable or unfavorable traits to the person being perceived. Most often a person is put into a stereotype because the perceiver knows only the overall category to which the person belongs. However, because each individual is unique, the real traits of the person will generally be quite different from those the stereotype would suggest.

Stereotyping greatly influences social perception in today’s organizations. Common stereotyped groups include managers, supervisors, knowledge workers, union members, young people, old people, minorities, women, people with disabilities, white- and blue-collar workers, and all the various functional and staff specialists, for example, accountants, salespeople, computer programmers, and engineers (Luthans, 2010).

The halo effect in social perception is very similar to stereotyping. Whereas in stereotyping the person is perceived according to a single category, under the halo effect the person is perceived on the basis of one trait. Halo is often discussed in performance appraisal when a rater makes an error in judging a person’s total personality and/or performance on the basis of a single positive trait such as intelligence, appearance, dependability, or cooperativeness. Whatever the single trait is, it may override all other traits in forming the perception of the person. For example, a person’s physical appearance or dress may override all other characteristics in making a selection decision or in appraising the person’s performance.

The opposite is sometimes called the “horns effect” where an individual is downgraded because of a single negative characteristic or incident. The correct answer is Choice E.

Physiological needs are first level needs which are related with homeostasis and appetites. Homeostasis covers the automatic efforts to keep the blood pressure constant. It can be referred as the resources needed to survive. Appetites on the other side is about feeling hunger and looking for food. Hunger, sex, sleep, air, thirst are basic examples of this level of need. At work, this level of need is indicated as salary or other material gains needed to get employed.

Safety needs are the second level needs which are satisfied because of looking for a stable (free from danger) environment. For physiological needs, current situation is the basis, but safety needs are related with future issues. Examples of these needs are shelter, certain situations etc. For work setting secure job and insurance can be cited.

If physiological and safety needs are gratified enough, the third level of need is emerged. Love needs are the needs related to affection and belongingness. Looking for friendship or a partner, building affectionate relationships, being loved or connected are the kinds of these needs. They cover both giving and taking love.

Esteem needs are classified into two; one is about feeling capable, confident, strong and successful over the demands of the world. Second is related with being respected, recognized and appreciated by others. Satisfaction of these needs make individuals to feel valuable and a sense of usefulness for the world.

The need for self-actualization refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially (Goldstein, 1939, p.383). Individuals who satisfy these needs feel themselves as exerting their full capacity. Of course the level of satisfaction depends on the person’s perspective. One can be actualized by “being an ideal mother”, the other by “painting pictures” or “teaching adults”. The correct answer is Choice A.

Perception has a complex and interactive nature since it is composed of several sub-processes.  The first important sub-process is the stimulus or situation that is present. Perception begins when a person is confronted with a stimulus or a situation. This confrontation may be with the immediate sensual stimulation or with the total physical and sociocultural environment.

It is generally considered that systematic organizational studies began as an academic discipline, after the Industrial Revolution which took place firstly in Great Britain during the late 1700s and early 1800s. This is the first milestone for Organizational Behavior. Major transitions in terms of economic and technical conditions occurred with the Industrial Revolution which developed nations to an industrial society from an agricultural society. The transitions were mainly due to the use of steam as a power instead of human or animal power, and the invention and adoption of machines used for production instead of hand-made products. The correct answer is Choice C.

GDP (gross domestic product) is the total value of goods produced and services provided by a country’s economy within a specified time-period, which is usually one year.