Compliance is a behavior change that occurs as a result of a direct request. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Qualitative role underload describes situations in which employee has a high level of skills and competencies not required to perform simple tasks.

The correct answer is C.

Employees in some organizations may feel autonomous and can make their own decisions about their jobs. On the contrary, in some cases top-level managers may not prefer to transfer their authority to lower levels, and they always want to determine rules of the game. Centralization refers to the direction –top or lower level- of decisions in organizational hierarchy.

The correct answer is B.

Formalization is required in all kinds of organizations.

Most state organizations such as army, ministries, educational institutions, governmental agencies and hospitals have highly formalized systems.

Private firms in knowledge intensive sectors may adopt a less formal system to increase creativity.

According to organizational life cycle model, it is not required to have any kind of formal systems at the entrepreneurial stage of an organization because entrepreneur-managers can easily control work processes of few employees.

Too much red tape is an idiom, which has been frequently used to denote unnecessary paperwork in organizations.

The correct answer is E.

According to Trait Approach/Great Man Theory, leadership is come from birth. The correct answer is C.

Employees treated as mindless, ignorant and desperate individuals who strongly need guidance, direction and command in typical bureaucratic systems.

Bureaucracy has a mission to convert organizational participants to “ideal employees” by using guidelines, instructions, rules and strict hierarchy.

Bureaucracy may seem as an outdated, rigorous and time wasting system for contemporary business organizations, but it is still not possible to think especially complex and large organizations without bureaucracy.

All sentences are correct. Thus, the correct answer is E.

Some people say that we cannot define leadership, but we know it when we see it. Others argue that leadership can only be defined as someone who has followers. So scholars argue that a universally acceptable definition for leadership is practically impossible and will hinder new ideas and creative ways of thinking.

Leaders are agents of change, persons whose acts affect other people more than other people’s acts affect them. Leadership occurs when one group member modifies the motivation or competencies of others in the group.

Leadership “…is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives”.

Attribution theory posits that attributions are understood to play a crucial role in human categorization processes and, thus to become a leader, he/she needs to be perceived as a leader by his/her followers.

Important note: Leadership is the matter of perception. A leader could not be perceived by everyone as a leader.

Ohio State Theory : Leadership effectiveness comes from the behavior of the leader.

Path and Goal Theory, Leader Participation Model, Decision Trees Model Cognitive Resource Theory :The effectiveness of leadership differentiates according to the situations.

The correct answer is A. 

Vertical design aims at increasing control over employees and work processes in organizations.

Employee creativity and innovativeness are not considered to be important in vertical design perspective.

Horizontal design approach gives priority to increase collaboration and information sharing among organizational units.

Strict hierarchy, high level of formalization and centralized decision making are the common features of vertical structure. 

Only the sentence with number II is correct. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Directive leadership means that the leader lets subordinates know what’s expected of them. They form the work schedules and coordinates the works to be done. Additionally, they give specific guidance on how to accomplish these tasks. A directive leader clarifies policies, rules, and procedures and establishes clear standards of performance to reduce role ambiguity. Those leaders also purify the follower perceptions concerning the degree to which their effort would result in successful performance (goal attainment). Directive leadership behavior is similar with previously mentioned job-centered or task-oriented leadership styles.

Related to job satisfaction, job involvement, which measures the degree to which people identify psychologically with their job and consider their perceived performance level important to self-worth. Job involvement was referred as, the degree to which a person psychologically identifies himself/ herself with his/her work, or the importance of work in his/her total self-image.

The correct answer is B.

1. Narcissism
2. Self-Monitoring
3. Negative Affectivity
4. Type A
5. Emotional Intelligence

Here are the some forms of manifest conflict

• Violence
• Infighting
• Sabotage
• Physical Intimidation
• Lack of communication
• Open agression

Norms are the informal rules and shared expectations that groups establish to regulate the behavior of their members. The correct answer is D.

Joan Woodward had classified manufacturing firms according to the technical complexity of their production processes by using a scale.

Formalization refers to the number of written documents comprising procedures, job descriptions, regulations, instructions and guidelines. Centralization refers to the direction –top or lower level- of decisions in organizational hierarchy. Specialization refers to the degree to which organizational tasks or work processes are subdivided into separate jobs.

Henri Fayol was a French industrialist who examined administrative aspects of organizations in his book titled “General and Industrial Management” published in 1916. Fayol defined the important general principles of management, which are still used in various types of modern organizations. Departmentalization was one of his principles. He suggested that similar or related activities should be grouped in the same administrative units to achieve high level of coordination among employees working on relevant tasks. Thus, employees working physically close to each other can easily communicate and collaborate with the others in their departments. Hierarchy of authority refers to the number of managerial levels in an organization, and it is closely related to span of control – the number of employees reporting to a supervisor. The correct answer is Choice A.

The behavioral approach tries to explain the leadership in process rather than the traits and characteristics of a leader. This approach focuses exclusively on the behaviors the leader shows in leadership and the relations with the people who form the leadership group. The way of communication, authority delegation, decision making, planning and controlling, determining the goals, resolving disputes with all subordinates are all considered as important factors that determine the effectiveness of the leader

The correct answer is C.

In the norming stage, group members collaborate with each other and become more cohesive. It is characterized by cooperation and shared responsibility. Members accept each other, and a recognizable group culture arises. They set informal rules by which the team will function. Leadership roles are accepted, and behavioral norms are established on this stage. This stage is complete when the group structure strengthens.

A group that is formed through division of labor is called a formal group (Buchanan and Huczynski,
2017, p. 332).

Both team and group represent two or more people; whereas, a team is defined as two or more people with shared leadership and fate, who work together and interdependent on each other’s support towards achieving a common goal; therefore, team members are jointly responsible for their outcomes. Representing the team’s common identity, sports teams (i.e. football team) form an example and all the team members are responsible for the championship or bad league performance. The group members do not share characteristics of teams. A group is two or more people who interact with each other to achieve their individual goals which are not mutual goals. The correct answer is Choice C.