The strategic constituency approach is concerned with how successfully it satisfies its strategic constituency or the key stakeholder groups from which it requires support to survive and thrive. Thus, the correct answer is B. 

Human resources refer to experienced and knowledgeable management teams, skilled labor, and motivated workers.

Coordination refers to the process of setting up the activities of people or their units to achieve a state of integration.

These are the characteristics of organizations operating in high uncertainity according to Duncan's model: 1. Participative decentralized 2. Many departments differentiated, extensive boundary spanning 3. Many integrating roles 4. Extensive planning, forecasting, high speed response.

Structural Characteristics for Production and R&D Functions

 Choice (b) is the correct answer.

Porter described four attributes that can lead to national competitive advantage: Factor conditions – a nation’s factors of production such as skilled labor. Factor conditions that are important are often not inherited (natural resources are inherited) but are created such as highly skilled employees, scientific and specialized knowledge, and the ability to innovate. Demand conditions – home market demand for an industry’s products or services. Demand conditions of the home market especially when the buyer’s needs anticipate or shape those of other countries (i.e. global trends). Related and supporting industries that are internationally competitive, for example, home-based suppliers who can deliver cost effective inputs, especially those that can provide innovations along with long-term working relationships. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry that govern how companies are created, organized and managed as well as the nature of domestic rivalry. For example, powerful domestic rivalry can have a large positive stimulating effect on all firms in an industry by putting pressures for constant upgrading of the sources of competitive advantage. Therefore, choice (a) is the correct answer.

Porter described four attributes that can lead to national competitive advantage. These are; factor conditions, demand conditions,Related and supported industries and Firm strategy, structure and rivalry. Correct answer is B. 

A firm engages in unrelated diversification when it enters into a new business that has no relationship with its core business. Correct answer is E.

the M-form offers enhanced responsiveness to the needs of customers because of the specialization allows greater focus on the businesses each division operates.

Mediating technologies serveparties by bringing them together in an exchange or other transaction. Banks, online marketplaces, and social network companies all operate using mediating technology that links the participants by helping them locate one another and conduct their transactions, often without ever having to meet physically.

In his Images of Organization, Gareth Morgan explains this diversity in the field of organization theory and describes different perspectives on the organizations using metaphors4. He identifies eight metaphors:

1. Organizations as Machines: This metaphor emphasizes the technical, hierarchical, rational, prolific, mechanical, and productive aspects of organizations. Organizations mostly defined by classical organizational approaches are defined by this metaphor.
2. Organizations as Organisms: By this metaphor, organizations relations with their surrounding is emphasized and their taking shape as a result of expectations and demands is expressed. And it is inspired by the general conceptual framework of systems and contingency theories.
3. Organizations as Brains: Learning and sharing information and knowledge are the basic concepts of this metaphor, which emphasizes that organizations also learn from their surroundings just like human beings.
4. Organizations as Cultures: Organizations formed by individuals coming together make those individuals create some values and gather around them. The common goal, vision, and values shared by individuals forming the organizations are defined by social constructionism using this metaphor.
5. Organizations as Political Systems: This metaphor is about the inclusion of organizations in the clash of power and interests and their resting some activities on political moves they make to find funding.
6. Organizations as Psychic Prisons: Organizations involve the unconscious, patriarchal, and repressed sexuality – both destructive and creative.
7. Organizations as Flux and Transformation: Organizations are complex, non-linear, self-organizing systems characterized by contradiction. Chaos and complexity theory explains this perspective.
8. Organizations as Instruments of Domination: Organizations are institutions in which people are alienated, oppressed and exploited, and they have to comply with corporate interests. Marxist studies explain this perspective.

As also understood from the information given the correct answer is “E”.

Elton Mayo and his colleagues had started to search behavioral aspects in organizations after they completed a series of experiments in Hawthorne Electric Company. They developed counseling interview techniques and other managerial tools that may help to reduce the burden on employees in workplace.

According to Gareth Jones, value creation has three stages: Input, conversion, and output. Each stage of the value creation process is influenced by the organizational environment. As also understood from this information given the statement “Each stage of the value creation process is only influenced by the internal organizational factors.” is not correct related to value creation process. On the contrary, each stage of the value creation process is influenced by the organizational environment. Because of the fact that the other statements are correct, the correct answer is “E”. Inputs may be abstract and concrete things such as end products semi-products money, capital, machine and equipment, human resource and knowledge, which are acquired from organizational environments and used as resources during the value-creation process. This value-creation process will also be influenced by how an organization chooses and acquires the inputs.  Quality, amount and compliance of inputs, used in the transformation process, must be paid attention to because inputs as the first stage of value-creation process influence the created value. Procedures followed by organizations to transform inputs to outputs are called transformation process. The last element of the value-creation process is output. The products or services offered by the organization following the transformation process make up the output, which may also be input for another organization. Just as the organization offering output acquires the input from an organization, its output may also be used as an input by another one. In this sense, complex value-creation processes of organizations are influenced by their environments.

Personal pay, which is based on the individual compliance with rules or directives.Usually, personal pay-based systems take the form of a contract through which employee behavior is measured regarding people coming on at a particular time and then working for some hours.

Business concerns: The fundamental problem of these organizations is operating efficiency and achievement of maximum gain at minimum cost for further survival and growth in competition with other organization. Facebook, HSBC Bank, IBM, General Motors, Turkish Airlines are examples of these organizations.

Service organizations: Many service organizations are formed not for profit but for offering services to customers in the relevant community. 

Commonwealth organizations: The motivator of these organizations is not profit. 

Mutual benefit organizations: Political parties, clubs, and professional organizations are examples of mutual benefit organizations. Individuals tend to participate in these organizations just to make use of their own benefits to the organization. Members of these organizations begin shaping them since their establishment.

The correct answer is choice B. 

Michael Hannan and John Freeman used natural selection theory to explain population dynamics among organizations.

A mission is an organization’s reason for existence, its value and beliefs, and what it should be doing.

In stable environments, the major concern of producers is efficiency. Thus, the correct answer is C.

Corporate-Level Strategy is formulated for the overall organization and often deals with the selection of which business domain or markets the firm is to compete in.

Corporate-level strategy is often made at the highest levels of the organization such as the board of directors, the CEO and executive management with inputs from other managers. It is formulated for the overall organization and often deals with the selection of which business domain or markets the firm is to compete in.