Routine-Radical innovations leverage the existing business model.

Invention refers to the emergence of an idea. The key mechanism of invention is exploration, which includes things represented by words such as search, variation, risk-taking, experimentation, play, flexibility, and discovery10. Invention includes generating an insight about the customers’ problem or need and profoundly understanding this problem or need.

Conservation is a concept that does not refer to invention.

The main subjects of technology management are listed below.

• Human Resources Management

• Strategies and Politics • Product or Service Development

• Marketing, organizations and program management

• Transferring of technology

• Corporations among universities and industries

• Organizational structures and procedures

• Planning and controlling, mathematical and statistical modelling

• Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship, International Entrepreneurship

• Supply chain management

Some of the technology management methods are given below:
• Technology Management Framework
- Computer Aided Manufacturing
- Building Project Management
- Work Process Engineering
- Project Assessment
- Product Design
- Technology Measurement
- Process Design
- Engineering Design
- Knowledge Management
• Information Systems and Technology
Management
- Decision Support Systems
- Object Oriented Programming
- Computer Aided System Engineering
- Information Based Systems
- Database Applications.
• Information and Communication Systems
• Artificial Intelligence/ Expert Systems
• Database technology
• Modelling
• Multivariate Statistical Techniques

Information Systems and Technology Management
- Decision Support Systems
- Object Oriented Programming
- Computer Aided System Engineering
- Information Based Systems
- Database Applications

• Which supplier should we use?
• Should we build the new plant?
• Should we buy the new machine?

These are the decisions made by production managers. The correct answer is E.

The machine bureaucracy is huge, typically mature, and is often oriented to mass production.

Technology identification is the initial subprocess, including the identification of existing technologies and new technologies for products and services and the processes within an organization.

Engineering Design is considered to be a subcategory of Technology Management Framework. 

Thanks to certain symptoms, it is possible to understand that a group is closed to different views and away from alternative decisions because of excessive harmony.

• If group members suppose that their decisions are perfect and insist on it,

• If managers are not informed about the arguments supporting the opposing view,

• If group members give more importance to the data supporting their own views and ignore the others,

• If no one tries to consider alternative options,

• If members that do not share the majority’s opinion are excluded,

If symptoms above are to be seen in decision mechanisms of an organization, we can argue that decisions are not made in a healthy way.

Basic assumptions are the most inner level and are said to be the core of organizational culture. Basic assumptions have a substantial influence on employees. Once it is inscribed into their cognitive schema, people tend to act without further scrutiny.

Organizational Technology

It is possible to define organizational technology as a total of technical tools used for transforming inputs into outputs and actions during this transformation process. This is about how the organization offers the service for its customers and produces the product. The working method and models of the organization is a part of its technology. It is also known that there is a different organizational structure for each kind of technology and a direct relationship between technology and structure.

What was the reason behind the rise of organizational culture as a concept for understanding organizations? Of course, it was not coincidental. Many social, field and individual-level developments triggered the increase of awareness in the 90s. These factors are explained below:5 • Individualism and alienation: By the end of 1970s modern societies witnessed widespread diffusion of individualism that alienated people from the society. Lonely people searching for an identity celebrated organizational culture as a haven. Organizational culture allowed people to answer aching questions for raison d’etre! “Who am I, what is my reason for being in this world? what this organization stands for?” are all examples of questions asked and generally found an explanation within the concept of organizational culture. • Technically advanced production and the rise ofservice industry: Production process was upgraded to an advanced level in which automation became widespread. Moreover, the volume of service industry gradually surpassed goods production in many developed countries.Thus,employees had to be more customer-focused and technically qualified. Consequently, skillful and welltrained employees preferred independent working conditions. Organizational culture, as a way of controlling employee behavior, allows members to use their judgment, and act morefreely within defined organizational norms. Once members of the organizations cultivated with organizational values, close supervision will be redundant.
Machine bureaucracy gradually became less useful in managing people: Scientific management was the paradigm relevant to 1960s and 1970s. During 1980s validity of scientific management as the only paradigm for managing people started to be scrutinized. The effectiveness of objective and mathematical management techniques like time-and-motion studies was challenged. This movement led scholars focusing on the human aspect of management, or in other words, “soft” aspects of organizations. • Innovative production techniques: Mass production techniques increase the level of efficiency. But these techniques usually decrease the overall flexibility of the organization. To balance the level of efficiency with the degree of flexibility, organizations should employ people who have a sense of active belonging and commitment. Organizational culture is providing a cognitiveschemethroughwhich members can agree upon collective values, and thus elevates the level of organizational commitment. • Japanese miracle: After the devastation experienced by Japan following the 2nd World War, Japan’s reborn as an economic power found to be related to the Japanese management style. Globalization which is generally equated with getting rid of economic, political, cultural, and technological barriers led to an increase in awareness and curiosity in the global west for the east. It was self-evident that Japanese miracle was mostly related to the Japanese cultural value system and its reflections within Japanese organizations. Other countries also tried to understand and encapsulate these reflections for themselves, and hence the interest in the cultural aspect of organizations tend to strengthen.

The majority of product innovations are incremental ones, such as adding an extra blade with each new version of the razor, putting a new and faster chip into the PC, and redesigning an automobile model.

The given explanation belongs to the organizational theory which dates back to 100 years, during which basic fields of interest and approaches have been changed. The correct answer is B.

There are four categories of innovation: routine (incremental), radical, disruptive, and architectural innovations.

Architectural innovation integrates new business models with new products that are based on new technical knowledge.

Structural change refers to any change in the patterned or regularized aspects of the relationships among participants in the organization.