It is not empirical but normative theories that set the rights and duties to be performed ideally by a citizen. Empirical theories explain how citizens hold the rights and duties associated with citizenship.

The correct answer is E.

Currently, a constitution can take three forms. The most common is a written or codified constitution. The correct answer is D.

In
international terms, the present understanding
dates back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
whereby statehood was defined as an entity with
specific borders in the territorial sense.

The correct answer is A. Because the other suggestions are the characteristics of  parliamentary system of government.

In a Federal System of Government,
power is shared between a powerful central government and states/ provinces. So the suggestion of A can not be said about federal state.

Emancipation, the act of freeing a human being or class of human beings from the control of another, usually when this control is enshrined in some legal privilege or right (Scruton, 2007: 206).

It explains why liberals are concerned with law, why socialists are concerned with economy, society and power, and why conservatives are concerned with tradition and the religion manifest in tradition.

A nation is group of people of a common culture derived from a feeling of unity based on customs and beliefs.

Citizenship is the privilege of membership of a political community. The political community in this context means a community to which one owes certain duties.

In the study of political science and political philosophy, ideologies tend to push argument in an ad hominem direction. Ad hominem is a comment on or against an opponent, to undermine him personally, rather than his arguments.

The correct answer is A.

The United States, for example, has been built upon immigration.
Therefore, the US has termed itself a melting pot as immigrants adopt a common language and  adhere to other culture patterns. Recently, the term has been replaced by salad bowl as assimilation to original immigrants from the British Isles (in
terms of language, religion, and other customs)does not happen on a regular basis.

Political philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Jeremy Bentham, J. S. Mill, Hegel and Marx raised the following questions: What ideals are sought to be realised through the state, what is the meaning of freedom and equality, what are the grounds and limits of political obligation?

As a result of the Behavioural revolution, the emphasis in Political Science shifted to the behaviour of individuals in political situations. Consequently, ‘power relations’ constituted the core concern of politics. The Behaviouralists viewed the state as the repository of power. Thus, the concept of power became fundamental in Political Science. The change of emphasis from state to power has broadened the area of political inquiry. It shifted the focus of attention from mere structures and institutions to actions and processes. Thus, in the words of H. D. Lasswell, politics became “the study of shaping and sharing power” and a political act is “one performed in power perspectives”.

The correct answer is A.

“An ideology is a set of ideas by which men posit, explain and justify the ends and means of organized social action, irrespective of whether such action aims to preserve, amend, uproot or rebuild a given social order (Seliger, 1976: 14).”

Michael Oakeshott said that conservatism, understood as a ‘disposition’, is ‘to prefer the familiar to the unknown, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the convenient to the perfect’ (Oakeshott, 1991: 408).

France is a semi-presidential republic. It is made
up of 18 regions. The correct answer is A.

Nationalism dominated the destiny of many countries between the American Revolution and the end of World War II. Since the War, however, the concept of globalization has come to the fore.