The correct answer is the option A, which means that, as one of the two broad classifications of science, social sciences study social events and humans’ social and cultural activities. The rest of the options, which happen to be B, C, D, and E are not correct explanations regarding the classification of science. For instance, humanities is the synonym for social sciences not physical sciences. Not social but physical sciences is called natural sciences. In addition, unlike D, psychology and ethnology are the branches of social sciences. Unlike E, physiology, zoology and botany are the sub-branches of physical sciences.

All the expressions except IV illustrate the features of behaviorism. Accordingly, behaviorism was influenced by functionalism and empiricism. It suggests that psychology should study the observable behavior. In addition, it emphasizes the relationship between behavior and environment. However, considering IV, not behaviorism but Gestalt psychology suggests that psychology should consider the whole to understand its parts. Accordingly, the whole of anything is greater than its parts.

Developmental psychology studies human behavior in the context of aging. It aims to understand how human behavior changes with aging across life. Developmental psychology has particular interest in the study of what influences
development in the childhood. Some developmental psychologists focus on the life span development instead of the development in age periods, such as childhood and adolescence. 

Perceptual organization law is law of proximity. There are four principles of law of proximity that the Gestalt psychologists proposed to explain how perceptual grouping occurs: Grouping by (a) proximity; (b) common region; (c) connectedness and (d) synchrony.

Homeostasis explains how much of these substances should be taken by body to keep a balance. According to Eysenck (2004) homeostatis is the tendency for an individual’s internal environment to remain fairly constant.

Science is the sum of organized and systematic knowledge.

The given characteristics belong to Experimental Research among all quantitative research designs. The correct answer is A.

All the explanations except the option E are the fundamental characteristics of science. However, science includes systematic and organized pieces of information and therefore this is not a characteristic of science.

Historic is not a fundamental characteristic of science.

Materialism is a philosophical approach, which rejected the idea of mind and body as separate entities.

Philosophy interested in human behavior as study of nature of existence, reality, knowledge, language, morality.

According to empiricism, humans gain more complex understandings of themselves and their environment by associating their perceptions, observations, and ideas.

Primary motives refer to common and unlearned drives that emerge due to biological needs and direct human behaviors accordingly. All biological drives such as hunger, thirst and sexuality are among primary drives.

Basic physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, breathing, sexuality and sleeping

Human beings can see many colors, but they only have 3 types of cones that receive information about color: red, green, and blue.

Joy and acceptance will form love.

According to the approach of dualism, humans do have spiritual and physical part in and isolated way. As the name of the approach suggests, there is the separateness of the mind the body.

Motive is a general term covering wishes, needs, drives and interests that induce an organism to act towards a purpose.

Monocular pictorial cues are the source of depth information. Texture Gradient: Elements that are equally spaced in a scene appear to be more closely packed as distance increases.

After determining the problem, comprehensive information regarding the subject is gathered and the given description belongs to the stage which is called as ‘gathering information about the problem’. This information is organized from general to specific. The correct answer is C.