The experimental group is the one that the researcher works on.

Dissociative disorders involve problems with memory, identity, emotion, perception, behavior and sense of self. There are three main types of dissociative disorders: Dissociative amnesia, Dissociative fugue and Multiple personality. Dissociative amnesia (loss of memory) is about the sudden loss of important information (knowledge) due to stressful and traumatic incidents although the capacity to learn new information is not deteriorated. In multiple personality illness, one individual displays a different personalities and identities. Sudden whole memory loss is called dissociative fugue.

It is a mood disorder that manifests itself in the form of alternating periods of depression and mania. There are changes in an individual’s mood and behavior switching between an over excited state called manic and a state of feeling hopeless called depressive.

Wolfgang Köhler (1924) conducted experiments on chimpanzees. Köhler hang a banana from the ceiling in a room. There was also a box inside the room. Since the banana was hanging from the ceiling, it was impossible for a chimpanzee to reach the banana. However, after about 5 minutes what the chimpanzee did was amazing. The chimpanzee got the box, placed it properly to stand on it, stepped on it and finally jumped to get the banana. And it got it! After this experience, Köhler suggested that, chimpanzees solve problems in a flash of insight. It is like the ah-ha feeling. So, insight learning is also called ‘ah-ha experience’ because it occurs all of a sudden.

Principles of classical conditioning are commonly used in TV commercials. A product to sell is a NS, initially. So, that product does not produce any
response before conditioning (as another behavioral consequence, people do not buy it). During conditioning (that is, during a TV commercial), the product is paired with a stimulus, which naturally produces positive feelings (that is, UCS). During this process, the product and the UCS are presented together. The product in the commercial, which is associated with a stimulus producing positive feelings, becomes a CS, so the product produces positive feelings
at the end. As a result of this repeated procedure, people start to buy the product to feel good.

Elicited behaviors are involuntary and they are mostly reflexive behaviors.
When reflexive behaviors are elicited in new situations through associations, they are defined as behaviors learned by classical conditioning or shortly as learned behaviors.

From birth to 2 years of age belongs to the sensorimotor stage of the Cognitive Developmental Stage.

The period from 18-24 months to 36 months of age is toddlerhood, and this is the time when children (toddlers) explore the environment both physically and psychologically and discover themselves and others.

Suppression is the conscious attempt to hide or prevent unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives. Repression, on the other hand, is a more complicated mechanism operating at the unconscious level  Projection is defined simply as projecting one’s unacceptable drives, feelings, motives, faults and flows to other people. Rationalization generally occurs when the ego experiences a feeling of guilt, due to an unacceptable drive, feeling or because of a faulty behavior and it is diiicult for the person to accept the responsibility at the conscious level. Denial is defined as ignoring the threatening, anxiety provoking thoughts, feelings, motives, or sometimes even events and realities.

Formal Operational is a stage that adolescent begins to think and understand abstract concepts and events in a more complex and reasonable way.

Latent learning which was developed by Tolman refers to a type of cognitive learning in which learning occurs without any obvious reinforcer.

Humanistic approach differentiates from other perspectives in the sense that, it doesn’t focus on flaws and weaknesses of human beings. Instead, humanistic theory highlights the positives of mankind like dignity, free will, and responsibility, claiming that every individual possesses an inherent worth despite the behaviors might not be occasionally positive. -e approach relies on the idea that individuals strive for actualizing their full potentials.

Self-esteem is a feeling satisfied, being confidence with and respecto to one’s own self.

Spontaneous recovery refers to the re-occurrence of a CR after a period.

Libido refers to the psychic energy that is generated by id. Freud initially defined this term as the source of sexual energy but later he attributed this term to all kinds of psychic energies and life and death instincts.

Harry Stack Sullivan was an American psychologist. His views diverged from that of Freud’s especially in the sense that Sullivan gave a special emphasis on the role of interpersonal relations in shaping one’s personality. Moreover, he suggested the term personafications: one’s mental representations of herself/himself and other people.

Panic disorder refers to the disturbingly intense experience of fear or terror despite the lack of rational reason.

Involuntary ideas that cannot be controlled despite all the attempts of the individual are called obsession, and ritual behaviors that individuals have to repeat are called compulsions.

Infancy is the period from birth to 18-24 months of age.

There are 4 different partial schedules of reinforcement:
• Fixed Ratio (FR)
• Variable Ratio (VR)
• Fixed Interval (FI)
• Variable Interval (VI)

Flexible ratio is NOT one of these partial schedules of reinforcement. Therefore, the correct answer is E.