The process of conducting a qualitative research includes identifying the research focus or problem, selecting participants, data collection techniques, data
analysis, and reporting.

Even though each research design is different, basic order of conducting a qualitative research is as follows: identifying the research focus or problem; selecting participants; data collection techniques; data analysis; and reporting.

The material on the home pages of individuals are likely to be unreliable.

The researcher in a grounded theory tries to explore participants’ social processes, behavioral patterns, acceptances, and meanings. In other words, researchers focus on a process or action that has a different step or phase formed in time. The correct answer is C.

If a variable can only assume certain values or options, and if it can be expressed through only whole numbers, then it is a discrete variable. For example, gender variable can assume either male or female option.

The focal point of a performative analysis is not the words spoken, but gestures, mimes, and moves accompanying narration, and the effort to convince listeners. The correct answer is D.

Another common mistake is the lack of criticism. In social sciences, every study has a limitation and they should be discussed.

University repositories are an ordinarily open-access database of the research and publication productions of an institution. Grey literature is the unpublished, non-commercial, hard-to- find information that organizations such as professional associations, research institutes, think tanks, and government departments produce. The most comprehensible sources of reference are the encyclopedias for the selection of the topic as well as the preparation readings after the topic selection. One of the sources that are appealed in scientific studies is the statistics. The statistics utilized by researchers lose their up-to-dateness as soon as the new statistics are published. Periodicals are more widely known as journals. They are the major information source of prior research literature. Periodicals are published a number of times a year and are sent to subscribers including the libraries. The journals which report the research findings are the most significant ones.

Action research is a cyclical and spiral process that is conducive to development and change, that encompasses individuals’ own practice, that entails systematic data collection, that enables reflective questioning, and as a result of these, that provides opportunities to plan and apply new action. For instance, Let’s say that members of a political party have low levels of participation in the democratic processes within that party. In this regard, action plan can help determine the obstacles preventing members from participating in the democratic processes within the party and increase members’ participation into decision making processes by eliminating those obstacles through planning relevant actions. Action plans and implementation continues until participation is achieved. During drafting an action plan design, a researcher should keep in mind that action plans to be administered should be dynamic and flexible. In other words, a researcher should know that s/he may have to review, and revise action plans depending on their success and develop new action plans from scratch. Moreover, s/he should consider if s/he will include or exclude unforeseen issues pertinent to the research question and emerging during the process.

For narrative research design, on the other
hand, Riessman’s (2005) classification is utilized
in general: thematic analysis, structural analysis,
interactive analysis, and performative analysis.

Grey literature is the unpublished, non-commercial, hard-tofind information that organizations such as professional associations, research institutes, think tanks, and government departments produce.

Option is one of the basic concepts of positivism. 

Because of the increase in research studies
employing ethnography design in 1980s, this
period is also known as “ethnographic transformation
of global policies” (Varsti, 2008). Stemming from
anthropology and sociology, ethnography is
a research design where a researcher analyzes
common behaviors, language, and action models of
an intact culture within their natural environment
during a long time-span.

Grounded theory is defined as a process in which the researcher digs out a general abstract theory about a process, action, or interaction grounded in participants’ standpoint. As can be followed from the definition, grounded theory makes use of processes and interactions grounded in participants’ narratives, perceptions, and experiences in order to develop a theory that can explain the phenomenon on a wider conceptual level. The correct answer is E. 

Interpretive position is also known as constructivism or social constructivism, because of its focus on reflecting the constructed nature of social reality and human knowledge of the constructed reality. The correct answer is A. 

When the research question is decided, it can be written in either interrogative or declarative form. For example, an interrogative form can be stated as “What factors have changed international relations after the World War II”, while a declarative form of that question can be worded as “An analysis of the reasons behind changes in international relations after the World War II”.

In the Intervention Design, quantitative
aspect outweighs the qualitative one.
Experimental procedure is applied during the
quantitative phase. Qualitative data, on the
other hand, is used to enhance and assess the
research process.

In inductivism, the starting point is observations of singular facts, events, or happenings, then expressing
them as singular observation statements. An important condition is that the observations must be theoryfree in order to prevent contamination of pure facts with a previously accepted theory. This is important,
because theory is built in bottom-up fashion, from singular cases of observations. Option A is related to inductivism.

Quantitative research is based on positivist paradigm, which advocates that reality will surface precisely through logic and experiment. Accordingly, it strives to formulate universal laws for each field of scientific study. Such a stance with respect to the nature of reality led to the birth of a research design to produce knowledge that is measurable, replicable, generalizable, intact, and value-free judgements. Being "value-laden" is a characteristic that is not desirable in quantitative research.