Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014) underscore that the researcher needs to avoid four types of errors as cornerstones of good quality surveys.
• Coverage error, which refers to drawing samples form a list of irrelevant samples to represent the population
• Sampling error, which exists any time when the researcher reaches some of the sample and not all members. For instance, instance, to understand the attitudes of political participation of university students the researcher only randomly selects students from one province as the available population rather than the whole country to generalize the findings to the target population;
• Nonresponse error, which occurs when some particular units of analysis tend to answer some particular items which are likely to influence the estimate of the findings;
• Measurement error is described as the difference between the estimate produced and the true value in case the respondents may answer inaccurately to the survey questions.

The method section is critical because it allows other researchers to see exactly how you conducted your research. This is one of the most crucial parts of a research, and extreme care should be given when writing. In general, we should provide detailed information on the research design/ model, research samples/participants, data gathering instruments/equipment, materials and procedure, validity and reliability of the research instruments and data analysis. The method section should provide enough information to allow other researchers to reproduce our work. In most thesis and articles, the results/findings are presented in a separate chapter/section. A ‘Result’ section that presents key findings emerging from the analysis that answers the research question.

Greene, Caracelli, and Graham (1989) suggest that five major objectives or motivations exist for conducting MMR. The first one is ‘triangulation’, which provides validation and concurrence of results gained from various methods and designs investigating the same circumstance. ‘Complementarity’, as the second motivation, seeks for further detailing, improvement, interpretation and description of the results obtained from one method with results from the other method. The third one is ‘initiation’, which means unearthing the bias, and discrepancies that cause re-designing of the research question. ‘Development’, the fourth motivation, includes utilizing the findings from one method to deliver clues to other method. The last motivation, ‘expansion’, seeks to expand the size of research with different methods for different investigation factors.

As its meaning may indicate, descriptive studies are about describing a particular situation or case as detailed and elaborated as possible, and it enables the classification and organization of taxonomic categories as in survey methods.

The phenomenon of “research ethics” was mostly resulted from the revelations regarding the appalling medical experiments conducted by some Nazi doctors in German concentration camps during the World War II. For example, they “killed Gypsy twin teenagers in order to determine why some of them had differently colored eyes. Prisoners of war were forced to drink seawater in order to find out how long a man might survive without fresh water”. The correct answer is A. 

Some of the advantages using the MMR are listed below (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004, p. 21; Johnson and Christensen, 2004, p. 646):
-Researchers can use numbers to add precision to words, pictures and narrative.

-A grounded theory can be created and tested by researcher by means of it.
-A researcher can also use MMR to increase the generalizability of the results.

According to Johnson and Christensen, (2004, p. 647) the weaknesses of
the MMR are as follows:

-It is more time-consuming.

E

a

There are five approaches to qualitative research. Narrative: This approach to inquiry retells someone’s story across time. It explores what the story means and the lessons to be learned. Phenomenology: The goal of phenomenological research is to describe participants’ experiences in a specific context and understand a phenomenon. Grounded theory: This type of qualitative approach investigates a process, action, or interaction with the goal of developing a theory. Ethnography: The mainstay of early culture anthropologists, ethnography is an in-depth description of a people group done through “immersed” participant observation and recorded in the vernacular of the host society. Case Study: The most common type of qualitative research, case study looks at episodic events in a definable framework bounded by time and setting. The overall purpose is generally to explain “how.”

It is important that researchers are able to create appropriate research designs which are in line with the purpose and scope of their studies. A well-developed design will achieve the following:

1. Identify the research problem clearly and justify its selection, particularly in relation to any valid alternative designs that could have been used,

2. Review and synthesize previously published literature associated with the research problem,

3. Clearly and explicitly specify hypotheses [i.e., research questions] central to the problem,

4. Effectively describe the data which will be necessary for an adequate testing of the hypotheses and explain how such data will be obtained, and

5. Describe the methods of analysis to be applied to the data in determining whether or not the hypotheses are true or false.

-While qualitative research studies utilize a rather small-scale sample outlined purposefully, quantitative endeavors mostly employ probabilitybased sampling strategies (Patton, 2002).

- Unlike quantitative research, no statistical process is run to determine the significance of the data set. 

-Unlike quantitative research, formulas are not used for data analysis in qualitative research. Instead, the researcher tries to unfold the meanings and patterns embedded in the data set through her/his perspective.

Some verbs indicate that the source is responding critically to another source or with the position you are advancing. One of these words is to refute. The correct answer is B. 

b

Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. The correct answer is C. 

Below
are the steps in writing an effective abstract (San
Francisco Edit, 2018):
1. Identify the major objectives and
conclusions.
2. Identify phrases with keywords in the
methods section.
3. Identify the major results from the
discussion or results section.
4. Assemble the above information into a
single paragraph.
5. State your hypothesis or method used in
the first sentence.
6. Omit background information, literature
review, and detailed description of methods.
7. Remove extra words and phrases.
8. Revise the paragraph so that the abstract
conveys only the essential information.
9. Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the
targeted journal.
10. Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably
one who is not familiar with your work)
and ask him/her whether it makes sense.

Closed ended, open- ended questionnaires, interviews and classroom observations are among the basic instruments that are used in the MMR. Conducting various ways of collecting data can support each other and thus strengthens the validity and dependability of the data. Researchers primarily enhance the items of questionnaires regarding the goals and questions of the research. It is a fact that surveys are one of the primary sources of gathering data in any research; on the other hand, it should be assured by the researcher that it is ‘valid, reliable and unambiguous’.

Research experiments conducted in the 20th century raised important ethical questions about informed consent, deception, manipulation, invasion of privacy, or some forms of harm to participants. Respect to privacy is a positive quality of a research experiment. The correct answer is D. 

Causal comparative research which is also called as ex post facto (after the fact for Latin) attempts to determine the cause or consequences of differences that already exist between identified set of subjects.

e