Transition words are words or phrases used in the topic sentence of a paragraph that give the reader clues about the paragraph logically relates to the rest of the paper. Transition words can also reveal different types of logical relationships, and that logically relate a particular paragraph. If the logical relationship between sentences or paragraphs are based on cause and effect, appropriate transitional expressions are accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, and thus.

The Tearoom sex study was conducted by Laud Humphreys (1970; cited in Thomas, 1996) and still continues to illustrate controversial ethical issues of deception, informed consent, and invasion of privacy. The Zimbardo Prison Experiment was criticized for not informing participants about the risk of psychological stress, physical discomfort, and/or humiliation to which they were ultimately exposed. The most widely held criticism of the Tuskegee study centers on the absence of informed consent and the exploitation of the participants. The Milgram obedience experiments were conducted to investigate people’s obedience to authority; in other words, the aim was to see how far a person would be willing to harm another person. However, the research participants were deceived about the nature of the research and led to believe that they were administering electric shocks to other participants. In The Little Albert Experiment an 11-month-old infant (named Albert B.), without the knowledge or consent of his parents, was conditioned to fear rats by associating them with fear-inducing circumstances such as a loud noise.

Tips for writing good survey questions
• Each question should have only one single objective. ‘I volunteer at governmental elections and NGOs’ Note, what if the participant only volunteers in one institution!
• Adopt the same definitions or concepts throughout the survey. For instance, if your key term is university students, keep it like that, and do not alternate it with college students in different parts of the survey.
• Avoid leading items that imply a preferred way to answer.
For example:
‘I think that women make best teachers.’
1) Totally Disagree 2) Disagree 3) Undecided 4) Agree 5) Totally agree
• Avoid rating within the questions such as ‘I always attend student protests.’
1) Never 2) Rarely 3) Sometimes 4) Frequently 5)Always
Avoid loaded questions, especially during face-to-face interview survey, which may emotionally charge the respondent. For example: Do you have cancer?
• Use questions that are simple and easy to understand, and cause no misunderstanding.
• Avoid using technical jargon. It may discourage the individuals to continue with the survey.
• Avoid negative or double negative expressions such as ‘I do not like the politicians,’ or ‘I do not dislike politics.’
• Be precise, avoid estimations such as ‘Estimated how many students are there in your class?’ ask ‘What size is your class.’

A

The positivist paradigm advocates that reality will surface precisely through logic and experiment.

Conducting a MMR can be a complex and very extensive process especially for novice researchers. For this reason, the researchers may need to check whether their MMR steps are parallel with the MMR content, philosophy, design, sampling, etc. In order to figure out if their study fits the MMR, the researchers can follow the checklist below:

Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study. The correct answer is C. 

Research studies conducted via quantitative research methods are inclined to see the facts through the same eyes all the time, and thus, fail to explain social phenomena that are constantly in a state of change. Yet, it should be remembered that social phenomena cannot be universal, are never fixed, and can change in time. The correct answer is C. 

The Zimbardo Prison Experiment in 1971 was originally designed for a two-week time period, but ran only for six days. The reason for the early termination of the experiment was because the guards had begun to systematically abuse the prisoners through ridicule, verbal abuse, and other forms of severe treatment. The study was criticized for not informing participants about the risk of psychological stress, physical discomfort, and/or humiliation to which they were ultimately exposed.