As the title indicates it is essential to answer what quantitative methods refer to and to comprehend the underlying purpose of using them in research. Quantitative research, or also called scientific research method, is a way of obtaining information that provides the researcher with accurate and reliable data that is numeric in nature and has been obtained through testing or comparing ideas in the public arena.  Quantitative research is based on observation and the measurement of repeated incidences of a political phenomenon. 

Reciprocity stands for the idea that the research should be of mutual benefit to researcher and participants or that some form of collaboration or active participation should be involved.

Virtue ethics is an ethical perspective that treats the character of researchers as the primary focus of ethical evaluation. The correct answer is A. 

Credibility (consistency) is a criterion for rigor. Credibility means that data collected during a research process will yield the same results if recollected and undergone the same steps. The correct answer is E. 

-Research questions should be feasible.

-Research questions should be significant.

- Research questions should be ethical.

-Good quantitative research questions should be specific. 

-Good research questions should be measurable.

C

In this design, a researcher should foresee the formation of two groups: one (or more) is the experimental group consisting of participants given an experimental intervention, and the other is the control group composed of participants who are not either given any experimental manipulation or provided with any test stimuli. The researcher should assign the participants in each group randomly. Subjects cannot decide which group they are going to be in. This random assignment of participants to any of the groups is known as randomization, and placement in any group is a matter of chance. Subsequently, the researcher administers the experimental intervention. In other words, s/he provides the experimental group with relevant stimuli by determining the time, setting, and situation on her/his own. Using this design, the researcher establishes a dependent variable that can be measured both before and after the independent variable is introduced. These are termed as pre-test and post-test measurements, and they indicate if the experimental process has any effect or not. This gauges the effect that the independent variable has over the dependent variable, namely the main focus of that experimental research.

A research topic should not be chosen just because it is thought to be easy to do. The correct answer is B. 

MMR can be defined as the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods for a clear understanding of research objectives than either approach alone. It is because MMR balances the weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research and transforms them into strength. By using all types of data collection tools, researchers can get more comprehensive evidence for a research problem. In respect of limitations, a single researcher may have some difficulties on conducting both qualitative and quantitative research when s/ he intends to use two or more ways all at once. Thus, a research team may be needed to get the best results. Furthermore, learning about multiple methods and approaches and understanding how to mix them aptly should be regarded as a must. Conducting MMR can also be more expensive, time consuming and may require formulating how to mix paradigm, analyzing quantitative data or interpreting the paradoxical results by research methodologist.

e

a

There are many things that a survey researcher should do before starting to conduct interviews. Among them are deciding what research design to use, reading the secondary literature, decide on sampling strategy and formulating a research question. The correct answer is E. 

In research implementation stage, firstly quantitative and/or qualitative data is collected through different methods followed by data analysis. Thirdly, mixed research findings should be validated or legitimized. Fourth stage is interpreting mixed research findings and the last step is writing the mixed research report.

Purposes of a literature search as follows:

1. To identify the field and specific context in which the topic is located.

2. To decide which research and methodology will be adopted, which type of data may be collected and analyzed.

3. To deepen your knowledge related to the key concepts of the research topic

4. To avoid repeating previous studies that have ben completed before your attempt and to produce an original work.

5. To avoid the mistakes that past studies reported.

6. To discover the key people, organizations, and papers related to your research topic.

The research topic as well as the title is very
important to attract attention of the readers.
Finding an original and new research problem
is the main organizing principle guiding the
analysis of your research. It is difficult to choose
an interesting topic without doing a preliminary
reading in your discipline.

Deontology is an ethical perspective that judges researchers’ actions according to some absolute/universal duties requiring certain types of action. The correct answer is D.

b

The first type of research objective, exploration, comprises inductive methods to figure out an opinion, argument and the like. In this way, it brings about intuition, hypotheses, deductions or generalization.

It is important that a table title includes a brief and explanatory explanation regarding the content of the table. The correct answer is C.