From the beginning of the 19th century to the First World War, the rapid expansion of colonialism and the Industrial Revolution occurred as a result of other major technological improvements in communications, transportation, and manufacturing processes. The European states needed raw materials found in colonies, hence international trade expanded, so did international investment. This way, capital especially moved from Europe to North America in search for higher profits. Throughout the 19th century, it, in a way, became necessary for European industrialized nations to expand their markets globally in order to sell products that they could not sell domestically in their countries. Besides, businessmen and bankers had excess capital to invest, and foreign investments offered the incentive of greater profits, despite the risks. The need for cheap labor and a steady supply of raw materials necessitated that the industrial nations maintain firm control over these unexplored areas. Only by directly controlling these regions, which meant setting up colonies under their direct control, could the industrial economy work without any serious problem (www. tamaqua.k12.pa.us).

The era of colonialism brought about serious consequences, changing both Western society and its colonies. Through it, Western countries managed to establish a global economy in which the transfer of goods, money, and technology needed to be regulated in an orderly way to ensure a continuous flow of natural resources and cheap labor for the industrialized world. Yet colonialism adversely affected the colonies. Under foreign rule, local economies could not find a chance to grow. Imported goods wiped out local ones. This way, powers held back the colonies from developing industries. Colonialism also led to a cultural clash. By the start of the 20th century, Western nations had control over most of the globe. Europeans were convinced that they had superior cultures and forced the people to accept the Western way of life. The pressures to Westernize led the colonial people to reevaluate their traditions. But the good thing was Western countries introduced modern medicine that stressed the use of vaccines and more sanitary hygiene, helping to save lives and increase life expectancy.

As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is A. The argument in the option I “Under foreign rule, local economies could not find a chance to grow. Imported goods wiped out local ones.” and in the option II “Colonialism led to a cultural clash. The pressures to Westernize led the colonial people to reevaluate their traditions.” can be used by the one who has been planning to underline the drawbacks of colonialism, so the correct answer is A. The argument in the option III underlines the good side of that period. The arguments in the options  IV and V express the reasons in favor of colonists for the rise of colonialism.

The Great Britain

The English School is renowned for its multidisciplinary approach to international relations, as the school conceived study in this field in terms of a multi or inter disciplinary approach since its beginning. While the Committee that established the foundations of the school determined that insight was required from politics, economics, history and philosophy, the convenors of the committee even considered inviting a mathematician for a while.

In some fields, states would be eager to create regimes to prevent the anarchy and uncertainty, and establish an order and maintain security. Like social contract law of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, states through surrendering some parts of their sovereignty have had to consent to establish global governance.

International regimes reduce uncertainties and provide a reference for which behaviors are false or right. In other words, regimes facilitate the identification of violations of rules in social, political and security related fields. Moreover, they also reduce the cost of common effort for those responding to such violations. According to Krasner, regimes make it easier to reach an agreement for parties, since it increases the communication among sides and influence the quality and quantity of knowledge in a positive manner. In terms of the need for a hegemonic power, there are different views. While realists believe having a hegemon is essential for cooperation, liberals think that this cooperation would be persisting even after hegemony ended through institutions. The choice which includes the correct aims is E.

The economic liberals believe that individuals act in rational ways to maximize their self-interests, that when individuals act rationally, markets are created to produce goods and services that people need, and that market functions best when it is free of government interference. At the macro level, international wealth is believed to be maximized with free exchange of goods and services on the basis of comparative advantage.

The correct answer is A.

For utilitarianism, the social and individual interests overlap (harmony of interest thesis). As individual might seek for his own interest, he would play for the increment of the interest of society. And as he works for the happiness for himself, he works for the happiness of other people. Utilitarian philosophy assumes that the individual who works for his own utility, automatically works for the utility of community.

According to Krasner, regime can be described as explicit and implicit rules, norms, principles and decision making procedures related to a certain subject in international relations. “International regime can be defined as sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in a given area of international relations. Principles are beliefs of fact, causation, and rectitude. Norms are standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations. Rules are specific prescriptions or proscriptions for action. Decision-making procedures are prevailing practices for making and implementing collective choice”. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The liberal thinkers discuss that international cooperation, just like conflict, emanates from the anarchic nature of the international system and argue that IR is an amalgam of conflictual and collaborative relations. Liberal tradition is cooperative in its nature because of its emphasis on human freedom which is thought to cumulate through cooperation, interaction and interdependence. Another assumption of the theory is that political and economic behaviors cannot be seperated from each other. The correct answer is B.

Normative writers criticize the relativist approach and if everything is accepted to be relative, then nothing would have any concrete meaning. On the other hand, those scholars that base their arguments on relativism refuse cosmopolitanism. In other words, they do not accept the universality of some values. Universal law, natural law, universal peace, universal morality, universal human rights are not accepted by them. What Cicero is ultimately saying here and elsewhere is that there is the law of nature, and there is human nature. These are of necessity harmonious with each other (and, ultimately, the same thing) because both reflect the will of a benevolent Supreme Being who creates and governs the universe.

International regimes reduce uncertainties and provide a reference for which behaviors are false or right. In other words, regimes facilitate the identification of violations of rules in social, political and security related fields. Moreover, they also reduce the cost of common effort for those responding to such violations. According to Krasner, regimes make it easier to reach an agreement for parties, since it increases the communication among sides and influence the quality and quantity of knowledge in a positive manner. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The correct answer is A.

The correct answer is E.

As an extension of the Marxist thought, the North-South division is argued to be a serious problem in the world agenda as well. The North-South division refers to the structural inequalities in the international economy. The North is roughly composed of developed northern hemisphere countries, while the South is comprised of underdeveloped or developing Third World countries. This categorization ignores the geographic position of some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, taking placing in the South, yet being labeled as part of the North.

Normative theories, adopt human being’s freedom and capability to determine the outside world rather than emphasizing the influence of international structure and national interest. In this sense, normative theories have features of being voluntarist and eclectic. They look like predictive and explanatory theories rather than being deterministic theories. But, the propositions of normative theories cannot be tested or
verified by facts. However, these theories are known as educational and instructional theories. According to these, the correct answer is E.

The 19 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The correct answer is "E".

stability

In time, English School authors have elaborated two versions of international society: the pluralist version and the solidarist version. This typology is an offspring of the order versus justice debate in international relations where pluralists prioritize order to justice, as an unjust system cannot be stable. Solidarists prioritize justice as an unjust system (even if it has order) is undesirable and ultimately unsustainable. This debate is a continuing argument between second-generation scholars that ties into international society as a core concept of international relations - the second basic argument of the English School.