For utilitarianism, if fundamental institutions are reshaped or reconstructed for providing the highest satisfaction, then it is certain that the society is regulated rightly.

Indeed, several authors consciously associated with each other and identified themselves as members of the English School from the first generation scholars of the 1950s to 1970s such as Herbert Butterfield, Martin Wight, Hedley Bull, Adam Watson, Michael Donelan, Roy J. Vincent; to the second generation scholars emerging with the 1990s onwards such as Barry Buzan, Tim Dunne, Peter Wilson, Hidemi Suganami, Nicholas Wheeler and Robert Jackson, to name but a few.

Emphasizing the concept of justice, Rawl insists that social values (freedom, opportunity, income, wealth and respectfulness) are delivered equally to individuals.

Based on Krasner's definition of international regime, norms are standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligaions.

They create job opportunities for many people.

There are five areas posing a serious challenge to economic globalization and the triumph of economic liberalism. These are high-tech trade rivalry, trade discrimination, unpredictable economic crises, North-South inequalities, and illicit market. The correct answer is D.

The principle of non-intervention involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference;

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community. 

According to Young, regimes are social institutions and structures created to regulate the behaviors of states for a certain phenomenon. Like all other social institutions, they are supposed to influence and regulate the behaviors of states. In a system of sovereign states, one of the basic functions of regimes is to encourage the states for cooperation in a certain subject. The purpose of regimes is to form a frame for facilitating the solution of problems through treaties. Regimes are not only making the cooperation easier in the short run, but also in the long run, providing an environment of cooperation for promoting relations. International regime, in the first stance, is understood to regulate the areas out of sovereign rights of states. However, regimes do not intend to unify all cultural, social and political beliefs of all countries unless these have international negative consequences. The correct answer is A.

Sheila Grader (1988) directly took the issue with Jones’ article and disagreed with him on the existence of a distinct English School. She argued that the authors, whom Jones grouped within a school, could not be taken as forming a distinct and common school because each of those authors had his own views and opinions about the study of international relations. The unifying elements listed by Jones were too general and vague so as to consider those authors as part of a distinct school. Even if the said authors shared those elements, they had their own interpretations rather than a common understanding.

Young (1991: 93) argues that regimes are social institutions and structures created to regulate the behaviors of states for a certain phenomenon.

Neoclassical realism could be considered as an approach that seizes the middle-ground in realist perspective. Given the increasing importance of some domestic variables such as public opinion, civil society on foreign policy process, adding that the immaterial factors that have been mostly ignored by the other realist views, its inclination to combine “outside and inside” elements to establish a solid analytical framework for not only states’ foreign policies but also international politics in general, offers, without doubt, a promising prospect for the study of international relations in 21st century.

The prohibition against the use of force amongst States and the exceptions to it (self-defence and UN authorization for the use of force), set out in the United Nations Charter of 1945, are the core ingredients of jus ad bellum.

In the late 19th century, the gold standard system was first adopted by the economically-developed nations, under the leadership of the Great Britain, the hegemonic power at that time. The gold standard was a monetary system where a country’s currency or paper money had a value directly linked to gold.

Liberal institutionalists assume the following:

• 1 Regimes enable states to collaborate.
• 2 Regimes promote the common good.
• 3 Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.
• 4 Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.

In addition, according to liberals, peace and order can only be achieved by the increase in the number of democratic states.

Realists assume the following:

• 1 Regimes enable states to coordinate.
• 2 Regimes generate differential benefits for states.
• 3 Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.
• 4 The nature of world order depends on the underlying principles and norms of regimes.

The correct answer is D.

In  modern sense, realism is influenced the most by two authors, namely, Edward H. Carr and Reinhold Niebuhr.  Until today, there are many other names such as George Kennan, Hans Morgenthau, Nicholas Spykman, Henry Kissinger etc. who contributed to the development of the theory in its classical shape. 

Covert operations aim to secretly fulfill their mission objectives without any parties knowing who sponsored or carried out the operation. 

Stein, in terms of broader meaning, defined the concept as comprising all international relations and all international interactions for a certain topic. For example, international monetary regime is just seen as international relations relating to money. “At one extreme, regimes are defined so broadly as to constitute either all international relations or all international interactions within a given issue area. In this sense, an international monetary regime is nothing more than all international relations involving Money.” Therefore, regime, at least for simple meaning, refers to rules of game (game of international politics). In broader meaning, it comprises all international institutions and regulations and formal aspect of all state behaviors. The correct answer is B.

The concept of regime would cause the question of the limits of state sovereignty. Because states in many subjects would face some limitations of international regimes which constrain their sovereign rights, so they are blurred to determine the subjects either domestic or global in character.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Cicero (BC 106-43) who is an important philosopher in the western thought stated that true law is a law in coincidence with the nature. Cicero pointed out that a single justice depending on single law is valid for all society. For him, if there was not justice in the nature, it would not be known as the concept of justice (Viotti and Kauppi, 1993: 533).