According to Little (2014:290), that "regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order" is a liberal approach, not a realist approach.

The correct answer is A

The nationalists believe that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. Also the nationalists see companies as elements of state power.Besides, the nationalists believe that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. The nationalists also believe that free trade only benefits the wealthiest, most advanced nations.  In head-to-head competition, the advanced industries can easily defeat the less advanced industries. Therefore, infant industries should be protected by the state from foreign competition, or else, they simply perish. This does not mean putting an end to trade with other nations. It means protecting industries that are identified as being infant but crucial to national power.

Within the structuralist approach, there are actually two sub-approaches: the Marxist approach, which rejects capitalism completely, and the dependency approach, which aims to reform it.

MNCs have long been subject to serious discussions. Advocates of MNCs argue that they create job opportunities for many and technologically advanced goods. It is also said that MNCs tend to establish operations in markets where their capital is most efficient or wages are lowest. By producing the same quality of goods at lower costs, multinationals reduce prices and increase the purchasing power of consumers worldwide. Some liberal economists go further than extolling the economic benefits of MNCs, pointing a positive relationship between the international liberal economy and peace. It is argued that through enhanced international trade and growing interdependence, national differences would vanish and increasing economic well-being would eventually lead to world peace (Mingst and Arreguin-Toft, 2011). Those opposed to MNCs, on the other hand, say that multinationals have undue political influence over governments, exploit developing nations, and create job losses in their own home countries. In addition, they argue that MNCs tend to develop a monopoly for certain products, driving up prices for consumers. MNCs are also said to have a detrimental effect on the environment because their operations may encourage land development and the depletion of local resources. Moreover, the introduction of multinationals into a host country’s economy may lead to the downfall of smaller, local businesses as well, since MNCs have better products and they can afford to even offer them at lower prices, as they have the financial resources to buy in bulk. Some critics further claim that MNCs breach ethical standards, accusing them of evading ethical laws and leveraging their business agenda with capital (Evans, 1979; Dunning, 1981). As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. The arguments in the option IV “Multinationals have undue political influence over governments, exploit developing nations, and create job losses in their own home countries.”, in the option V “MNCs are also said to have a detrimental effect on the environment because their operations may encourage land development and the depletion of local resources.” and in the option VI “The introduction of multinationals into a host country’s economy may lead to the downfall of smaller, local businesses as well, since MNCs have better products and they can afford to even offer them at lower prices, as they have the financial resources to buy in bulk.” can be expressed by the one who is opposed to MNCs. The arguments in the option I “MNCs create job opportunities for many and technologically advanced goods.”, in the option II “By producing the same quality of goods at lower costs, multinationals reduce prices and increase the purchasing power of consumers worldwide.” And in the option III “Through enhanced international trade and growing interdependence, national differences would vanish and increasing economic well-being would eventually lead to world peace.” can be expressed by the advocate of MNCs, not the one who is opposed to MNCs.

Jus ad bellum refers to the conditions under which States may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general. 

For the Realists, the determining factor in international relations is power and other elements are neglected. 

According to Hobbes, good or bad are relative concepts and consequently there is no absolute good and absolute bad. There are no sensible and objective criteria to divide the good and bad; in contrast, it depends subjectively to the individuals themselves.

Multinationals have undue political influence over governments, exploit developing nations, and create job losses in their own home countries. In addition, they argue that MNCs tend to develop
a monopoly for certain products, driving up prices for consumers. MNCs are also said to have a detrimental effect on the environment because their operations may encourage land development and the depletion of local resources.

Kenneth Thompson, whom was a member of the (American) Committee on the Theory of International Politics founded in 1954, suggested the idea as he thought that a similar committee in Britain would help the study of international relations. The initial funding for the British Committee came from the Rockefeller Foundation for which Thompson was then working 

The realist approach based on the prisoner's dilemma emphasizes that possible risks and uncertainties might cause refrain from cooperation while the cognitivist approach implies that regimes would encourage and institutionalize the mutuality of international relations, while the principle of reciprocity would prevent states from defecting from cooperation.

It is well known that model of prisoner’s dilemma explains why the states escape from cooperation. Therefore, while the realist approach based on prisoner’s dilemma emphasizes that possible risks and uncertainties might cause to escape/refrain from cooperation, free rider approach also argues that the existence of some countries trying to employ the collective action without paying any cost might restrict the cooperation of states.

Realists who are adopting the assumptions of uncertainty and prisoner’s dilemma assume that these mutual suspicion and non-confidence of states would feed and sustain the process. Therefore, international regimes would eliminate these uncertainties and feed the confidence instead of non-confidence.

Moreover, conditioned cooperation (if game is reiterated, players would be encouraged to cooperate in order to escape from the probable cost) in the model of prisoner’s dilemma might be effective to encourage states to establish regimes. Meetings frequently done between states to boost the cooperation would be main imperative for realization of conditioned cooperation in prisoner’s dilemma.

The correct answer is C.

LIBERAL AND REALIST APPROACHES TO REGIMES

Realists
1 Regimes enable states to coordinate.
2 Regimes generate differential benefits for states.
3 Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.
4 The nature of world order depends on the underlying principles and norms of regimes.

Therefore, the correct option is A.

The correct answer is A.

The answer is A.

Therefore, it is frequently observed that ethical norms are employed to excuse foreign policies. According to Lenin, brother nations and parties have responsibilities to support
each other. Similarly, according to the former Soviet Union, communist countries had special responsibilities for saving the weak block members. In this sense, the correct answer is option B.

Post-modernism

It's not the developing countries but major/global powers seeking to restructure the world market for their interests cause the deep conflicts and competition particularly along with the development process of world economy. Since these situations persist, potential wars among the global powers are inevitable and inherently exist.

In the late 1980s, paradigmatic uncertainty was increasingly debated among IR scholars. For example, Ferguson and Mansbach noted that from past to present, in the history of IR theory, value and normative preferences became primary issues.