The answer is A.

Classical realism was attacked by other theoretical approaches like neoliberalism, feminism and critical theory. However, the most influential critique came from other realists. Kenneth Waltz became the leading proponent of a new version of realism labeled neorealism (also called structural or systemic realism). His book Theory of International Politics (1979) quickly replaced Morgenthau’s Politics among Nations. According to Waltz, a scientific IR theory must focus on the international system not on the internal characteristics or leaders of states. Waltz developed a systemic theory in which he diverged from classical realism on the causes of state behavior in the system. 

The answer is A.

Orientalists see themselves as the center of the world and the other as periphery: The center was also privileged in the history of sciences, arts, and cultures, while the periphery was marginalized in the context, also orientalist creates and produces something, but in contrast, the periphery only consumes something that is being provided by West. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Modernism allows the individual to exist as the only unit within all social fields. It does not permit the ontology of identities public representation and the original formation of the subject at all. It is shaped by the adaptation of scientific knowledge to the process of production and consumption in economy by separating space and time and in this sense, it is quite deterministic. Therefore, the correct option is A.

According to Realizm, the state is the main object of security. The correct answer is C. 

The effects of poststructuralism on International Relations felt in the early 1980s through the works of Richard Ashley, Robert Walker, Der Derrian and Michael Shapiro. Among these writers, Ashley and Walker designed their works to expose the imaginative boundaries and limitations drawn by traditionalist approaches to understand the domain of world politics through certain concepts (state, sovereignty, etc.). In other words, poststructuralism has problems with restrictive assumptions like the nature of international system which is anarchic and, restricts the actions of sovereign nation states. At first sight, these characterisations are generally accounted with the doctrine of realism or neorealism. Poststructuralist criticism is not only limited with these theories, but also contains an ahistorical perspective, problematic nature of sovereignty, universalism, timeless and unshakeable foundations. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E.

Poststructuralist thought begins its assumption by questioning the traditional assertions that there is an outer place from which the world can be observed objectively and theories can be neutral. But this is not possible according to the poststructural approach. As Edkins says, scholar must be a Godlike detachment or have otherworldliness for this assumption to be possible. Because, scholars of IR are necessarily participants in the world politics, not independent observers. So neither theorists nor theories which consist of ideas can not be politically neutral contrarily they do have a political and social impact. From this point of view, it is seen that poststructuralist thought has a lot in common with the post-empricisim and assumptions of Frankfurt School in critical theory. All of these approaches share similar ideas about the central role of languge to the construction of social life, the historicity of knowledge (it means knowledge is related with power and is historically produced within socio-cultural structures) and rejection of the idea of universal (timeless and spaceless) knowledge. In fact, as stated by Robert Cox, one of the prominent names of Frankfurt School, “theory is always for someone and for some purpose”. For this reason they reject the possibility of value-free social analysis. In other words, theoretical knowledge is not independent from the values, thoughts and ideological beliefs of the theorist. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All ideas in the answer choices are shared by by postsructualism, post-empricism and Frankfurt School.

A standard regional security complex has no great power. The correct answer is E.

Constructivism entails a wide range of theoretical perspectives whose common denominators include “an emphasis on the importance of normative as well as material structures, on the role of identity in shaping political action and on the mutually constitutive relationship between agents and structures” (Reus-Smith, 2005: 188). While all constructivist approaches agree on the definition of structure and the role of identity in international politics, they mainly diverge on epistemology and methodology on the one hand and the levels of analysis on the other. In terms of epistemology and methodology, constructivism can be divided into three main categories: neoclassical, postmodern and naturalistic constructivism.

Post-colonial theory criticizes the Western world due to their colonies in Asia and Africa. Post-colonialism is a critical point of view against colonial authority in terms of economic, social and political aspects based on modernist arguments.

It urges to offer an alternative to the Eurocentric stance and notions of Western domination by challenging “western ideas” in all areas namely literature, history, linguistic, identity, gender. The correct answer is C.

Modernism allows the individual to exist as the only unit within all social fields. It does not permit the ontology of identities public representation and the original formation of the subject at all. It is shaped by the adaptation of scientific knowledge to the process of production and consumption in economy by separating space and time and in this sense, it is quite deterministic. It retains a deep underlying continuity with the optimistic tradition of rationality, realism, and materialism. In modernism, it is emphasized that the control of nature and a system based on knowledge will ensure human salvation (Harvey, 1999: 25). Modernism constitutes universality of knowledge which is one of the features of its expansion, and is also one of the fundamental factors that create its soul. The world becomes understandable, predictable, changeable, and finally controllable through universality.

Balance of power, in international relations, the posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side. States can pursue a policy of balance of power in two ways: by increasing their own power, as when engaging in an armaments race or in the competitive acquisition of territory; or by adding to their own power that of other states, as when embarking upon a policy of alliances.

Bandwagon is the opposite of balance of power strategy. States following the strategy of bandwagon prefer to join the powerful state instead of balancing its power.

She developed and produced all of her analyzes thanks to her reading about post colonialism and with method and technique largely influenced by Derrida’s deconstruction method (Abdulkafor, 2015). Spivak comments on feminist theory specifically with post-colonialist perspective in addition to Derrida’s philosophy, reading and method. She is known to contribute to the problematizing of “Can Subaltern Speak” in post-colonial theory. Like Bhabha, Spivak is also a researcher who came from subaltern tradition in India. Spivak’s main contribution to post-colonialism and her work famous in postcolonialism is to explore and discuss whether or not to speak of subaltern (Landry, Maclean, 1996: 5-6). According to Spivak, the concept of subaltern is concentrated on all exploited people, particularly Hindu women, and there are two options of a widowed Indian woman, who lost her husband, one is the self killing tradition (Sati tradition) and being inferior in the process of emancipation of the contemporary world.

Referent objects: things that are seen to be existentially threatened and that have a legitimate claim to survival.

Waltz defines political structure on three dimensions: ordering principles, the character of the units, and the distribution of capabilities.

The answer is A

The answer is C.

For the CS, in the military sector, the most important, but not the only, referent object is the state. Thus, the preservation of the state becomes a priority as in the traditional view of security.