Holistic constructivism aims at removing the traditional dichotomy between system and unit levels of analysis and tries to bridge the two domains. The correct answer is C. 

The psychological effects of colonialism were analyzed by Memmi in his book “Portrait of the Colonial” (1957). According to Memmi, it is not possible for the colonists to be unaware of the illegitimacy of their position, but on the contrary, the colonists demonstrate through their actions that they are aware that their welfare has actually been promoted through the misery of what they colonize. Memmi, a member of one of the nonMuslim families of Tunisia, put forward originally the “dual refusal” and “dual responsibility” of his life because, as Sartre points out, Memmi has a slightly more privileged position than most of the colonized because of his non-Muslim status, but he has not yet been fully accepted by the colonists.

For neorealism, why states continuously seek power has little to do with human nature. Neorealism explains why states want more power with reference to the structure of the international system. While classical realism mainly focuses on state leaders and their decisions, neorealism, by contrast, emphasizes the structure of the international system that is external to the actors, in particular the relative distribution of power. “Leaders are relatively unimportant because structures compel them to act in certain ways. Structures more or less determine actions”

An  epistemic community  is a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decisionmakers to  define  the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes.

The most important part where Bhabha is different from Said and Spivak is that he considers the colonial phenomenon as an opportunity for cultural exchange, and, unlike Spivak, subaltern can actually speak for themselves and this speech emerges as a mimicry and is hybrid (Ashcroft, Griffiths, 1989). Mimicry is a process and experience and in fact there is reproduction and development of oneself over its center. Hybridity is the most natural consequence of worldly practice. It should be considered among cultures and especially between colonial cultures and indigenous identities. The correct answer is E.

According to Said, the orientalist creates the Orient through his writing, in the process, and he helps in the creation of a series of stereotypical images, according to which Europe (the West, the ‘self’) is seen as being essentially rational, developed, humane, superior, virtuous, normal and masculine, while the Orient (the East, the ‘other’) is seen as being irrational, backward, despotic, inferior, depraved, aberrant and feminine sexually. Orientalists see themselves as the center of the world and the other as periphery: The center was also privileged in the history of sciences, arts, and cultures, while the periphery was marginalized in the context, also orientalist creates and produces something, but in contrast, the periphery only consumes something that is being provided by West.

Epistemic community is a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decision-makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes. The correct answer is D. 

Derrida transformed philosophical school’s understanding of speech and writing, reading, texts and publications, such as Speech and Phenomena, (trans. 1973), Of Grammatology, (trans. 1976), Writing and Difference, (trans. 1978), Dissemination, (trans. 1981), Margins of Philosophy, (trans. 1982), and Positions, (trans. 1981) 

The Hobbesian culture is characterized by a constant enmity between states that see each other as enemies. It is a world of all-against-all in which states prioritize power and interests. Norms and rules that dominate the system reflect the ideas of Thomas Hobbes who argued that society without a supreme ruler resembles a state of nature. 

In a Kantian system, states no longer see each other as enemies or rivals, but friends and “the scope of shared norms is much more extensive” (Steans et.al., 2010: 195). Drawing from Immanuel Kant’s ideas, Wendt argues that this culture is the closest one to a collective security system where states identify with each other and define their interests collectively. In other words, in a Kantian culture states form a community.

Poststructuralist thought begins its assumption by questioning the traditional assertions that there is an outer place from which the world can be observed objectively and theories can be neutral. But this is not possible according to the poststructural approach. As Edkins says, scholar must be a God-like detachment or have otherworldliness for this assumption to be possible. Because, scholars of IR are necessarily participants in the world politics, not independent observers. So neither theorists nor theories which consist of ideas can not be politically neutral contrarily they do have a political and social impact. 

Regional security complex theory (RSCT) was first developed by Barry Buzan in the 1980s and over time it was updated and applied by a wide range of theoreticians belonging to the CS to different regions in the world ranging from the Middle East to Asia and Europe.

The answer is A.

The effects of poststructuralism on International Relations felt in the early 1980s through the works of Richard Ashley, Robert Walker, Der Derrian and Michael Shapiro. Among these writers, Ashley and Walker designed their works to expose the imaginative boundaries and limitations drawn by traditionalist approaches to understand the domain of world politics through certain concepts (state, sovereignty, etc.). 

The CS has played an important role in broadening the conception of security and provided a framework for analysis. It became particularly influential in analyzing how an issue is securitized and desecuritized. It broadened the scope of security studies and helped the reconceptualization of the notion of security.

The answer is A.

Despite its relatively short history in the field of IR, constructivism became very popular first among North American scholars, and later spread to the rest of the world. 

The answer is E.

Césaire, is one of the most important figures of Martinique like Fanon and he deeply influenced contemporary postcolonial writers with his opinions. “Discourse on Colonialism” (1955) is his book which later became one of the most fundamental works of post-colonial writing. He advocates that the pseudo-humanism that is actually the colonialist has got a fake understanding of humanity. Pseudo-humanism makes the colonialist uncivilized and brutal. Cesaire uses the concept of Negro frequently in his work and being black he argued that they need simply awareness and this reality was identified by him to accept the fate of black, history and culture. Similar to what Fanon did in his book, “Black Skin, White Masks”, he explored the reasons for indigenous people to be alienated to their own culture and, even were ashamed of being black (Thompson, 2002; 144)

In this context, poststructuralism can be defined as a worldview or even an antiworldview suspicious about the fact that events in the world can not be explained without grand theories. They chose not to use grand theories’ methods but rather to analyze in detail how people were influenced in specific historical periods with a specific way of thinking, which was shaped with the relations of knowledge and power in any given time. Put another way, rather than being a theory, poststructuralism is regarded as a critical attitude or approach that emphasizes the importance of representation, the role of discoure in the meaning of international relations and the relationship between knowledge and power. So, poststructuralism is not a new school with its own actors, subject and members, but an approach that tries to explain its concerns with some questions. It is an attitude or mentality that tries to make alternative policies possible with its critiques. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements in the answer choices are correct in the context ıf the definition of poststructualism.