From the establishment until the multiparty period transition (1923-1946) CHF has maintained its character as a one-party of Turkey and has been the hallmark of this era. .During the one-party period, there are two short-lived parties who claim to represent the districts in front of CHF, the representative of the ‘centre’. The establishment of a one-party administration became established after the Liberal Party experience in 1930.

The correct answer is B. 

The studies of political life in different societies have examined political totality as the analysis of political process and political evolution in a determined period of time, which would have to be resulted, as expected, in some form of democracy, thus attached to a teleological reading of the political in terms of a Western pattern; and an articulation of political concepts and values into a given political reality. Therefore it is possible to claim here that such a task has two dimensions one is based on the analytic, the other is on synthetic undertaking. In the first dimension, we have political institutions, transformations, processes, and values; political ideologies, concepts and visions in the second. Since conflicts, contradictions and struggles that emerge from the very nature of political affairs are the core of the political, therefore in the understanding of the political, in addition to conditional and actual problems and issues (the political level 1, the structure of politics), we are in the realm of almost an eternal strive for the better whether it is formulated in the form of a demand for equality, dignity, solidarity and justice (the political level 2, the aim of politics). As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All the concepts given in the answer choices describe the concepts related to the aim of politics and formulated in the form of a demand for.

If we exclusively consider the administrative structure of the Ottoman State during its classic period, the administrators representing the ruler’s authority are located at the top layer of the stratification. These are soldiers, bureaucrats, and clergymen. The other major element of the stratification system consists of the rayah (reaya). The peasants, merchants, and artisans are the components that create this layer. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The date of transition to constitutional-monarchy government in Turkey is 1876.

The party that passed the crisis of the 90s and ensured political stability turned out to be the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi-AK Party), which came to power after the 2001 economic crisis.

The main purpose of Kemalism was to achieve the ‘contemporary civilization level’. To this end, six principles were introduced by Kemalists. These were Republicanism, Secularism, Nationalism, Populism, Statism, and Reformism. Among these principles, republicanism was certainly at the base of the new regime. Secularism, as the principle of separation of the state from religious institutions, was one of the most significant components of the regime’s political and social project. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Throughout the three centuries, from the 1300s until the 1600s, the Ottoman Empire was able to protect the status quo of the classical period without any significant obstacles. On the contrary, after the 1600s, it was impossible to maintain this order for various reasons. One of the main reasons is the disintegration of provincial order. When the land system, based on the production of small peasants and a subsistence economy began to be dissolved principally because of the corruption caused by the Sipahis, the control of the land was captured by the landlords and the Christian notables; and millions of peasants experienced harsh conditions. İnalcık argues that this is not an easy transformation, rather the fundamental reason causing the collapse of the empire (2011, p. 39). Considering that the fiscal balance of the state was largely achieved by the agricultural production of the peasants, it would not be hard to see what serious consequences it had when the timar (tımar) system was dissolved. In addition, we need to note that the development of new weapon technologies was another significant development that transformed the classical order and that diminished the importance of the timar holder in the system. The increasing trade of the Ottoman Empire with the West and its peripheralization as the requirement of the capitalization constitute another variable that dissolved the classical order. Accordingly, the influence of the Ottoman Empire in the world economy gradually lost its value with the loss of commercial significance of the Mediterranean and the Silk Road. Certainly, the financial burden caused by the long wars with Iran and Russia signifies another important factor. All of these reasons caused the disintegration of the classical Ottoman system.

The correct answer is E.

Young Ottomans was a secret society established around the organization called “İttifak-ı Hamiyet”. These young people, customarily from prosperous families, fled to Europe after an unsuccessful attempt of coup d’état in 1867 and were reorganized under the name of “Young Ottomans Society” there (Tanör, 2006, p. 123). The critics about the implementations of the Tanzimat Era and the actors behind these practices (Mustafa Reşit, Ali and Fuat Pashas) brought together the peoples such as Namık Kemal, Şinasi, Ali Suavi, Ziya Pasha, Mustafa Fazıl Pasha, Sadık Rıfat Pasha, Agah Efendi, Reşad Bey, Mehmed Bey under the roof of the “Young Ottomans Society”.

The correct answer is B. 

In the historical process, different kinds of nationalism have emerged: Liberal nationalism tries to synthesize nationalism with liberal values such as democracy and the rule of law. Conservative nationalism has an understanding compatible with the status quo against revolutionary approaches. Expansionist nationalism represents the aggressive direction of this ideology. Left nationalism is more associated with an anti-imperialist approach.

The correct answer is B. 

Kulturkampf (“cultural war or struggle”) is a specific term that indicates a specific period (1871-1887) in German history where state tried to gain dominance over church in daily life, especially in marriage and contract issues.

When Süleyman Demirel led an AP formed government alone in 1969 and obtained enough majority in parliament, its failure to pass the budget through the Assembly in 1970, moved Turkey to a new crisis, in which one of the sides was the army.

Conservatism emerged as a political thought in the modern period on the basis of the response to the philosophy of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.

Mustafa Kemal Pasha decided to establish a group that would act in the ‘party discipline’ under his leadership in order to eliminate this faction in the Assembly and to prevent the never-ending discussions. On May 10, 1921, with the establishment of the Anatolian and Rumelia Defence of Rights Group (the First Group) led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the first political division, in the First Assembly, emerged.

On November 3, 1839, with the permission of Sultan Abdülmecid I (1839-1861), the Edict of Tanzimat was proclaimed by Mustafa Reşid Pasha. In its most general sense, the Edict of Tanzimat promised four basic reforms. The first of these is that the Edict guarantees the life, honor, and property of the subjects of the ruler. The second is the establishment of a regular taxation system that would replace the tax farming system. The third one is the compulsory military service. The latter signifies the promise of equality before the law for all the subjects, regardless of religion (Zürcher, 2010, p. 84).

The Edict of Tanzimat is the first comprehensive reform initiative for the solution of the “Eastern Question”.

With the disintegration of the timar system, the effectiveness of the small peasantry, whose farming was based on subsistence, diminished in the agricultural production system. Large farms and mansions now replaced the small peasants in this phase. The development of large farms has another meaning for Ottoman economic and social life. The ayans or local notables were considerably strengthened in the system. The empowerment of the ayans is also related to the increase in the demand for agricultural products from abroad (Europe) and the relative liberalization of trade. Consequently, the ayans became a highly effective power in the last decades of the 18th century. Therefore, the correct option is A.