Opening of İmam-Hatip schools at the secondary level was put into practice by the Democrat Party. In 1951, four-year schools training İmam-Hatips after primary level, and after 1953, İmam-Hatip schools at the secondary level were opened. 

The concept of ‘secular’ etymologically derives from the Latin word ‘saeculum’, which means ‘this age’, or ‘belonging to today’s world’.

 The constitution of 1921 was the first constitution that mentioned national sovereignty and proclaimed the first grand assembly as the true representative of the nation. It declared that elections would be held every other year and the newly elected parliament would convene in the first week of November. However, it was stated that the existing parliament would stay until the newly elected parliament could gather in Ankara. The political system that the constitution created was an example of the assembly government modelLegislative and Executive powers were vested in the Assembly and it controlled the ministers. The Assembly could remove ministers from their position. The Assembly enacted laws when needed and exercised its executive power over the cabinet (İcra Vekilleri Heyeti). While the Assembly had the right to abolish the cabinet, the cabinet did not have the same right to dissolve the Assembly. The Chairperson of the Assembly was the head of the cabinet. The constitution did not have any article regarding how to elect a president of the state but Mustafa Kemal, as the chairperson of the Assembly, acted as if he were the president. The judicial branch of the government wasn’t designated in the constitution (Eroğul, 2016, p. 236).

The correct answer is D. 

Economic crisis continued with soaring trade deficits, declining currency reserves, high inflation rates, and the shift of capital from productive to non-productive activities. Turkey’s creditors began to plan a rescue operation in 1980. The philosophy behind this operation was associated with Friedmanist (also known as Chicago School) economics which became new panacea for the crisis in the global economy and welfare state in the 70s and a response to rising unpopularity of Keynesian demand-based economics. The minority government of AP, with a standby agreement with IMF, prepared the structural adjustment programs (SAP) known as ‘24 January measures’.

Erbakan decided to take part in general elections with his close friends, became an independent MP in 1969 and formed his own party, the National Order Party (Milli Nizam Partisi-MNP) in 1970. E is the right answer.

The Homeland Front (Vatan Cephesi) is an attempt to establish a political front founded by the DP against the cooperating opposition after the 1957 elections, which has no legal characteristic.

The 1920-1923 period of BMM is essentially a non-party assembly. Anatolia and Rumelia Defence of Rights Association was established in Sivas Congress, but forming political parties was decided to be discussed later after the National Struggle. Immediately after the opening of the Assembly there were small groups operating within the Assembly. The most well-known of these are ‘Tesanut Group’, ‘Istiklal Group’, ‘Müdafaa-i Hukuk Group’, ‘Halk Group’ and ‘Islahat Group’. Deputies who did not take part in this group or did not want to participate in the Assembly first carried out an unorganized activity in the Assembly, and later in July 1922, they established the Second Defence of Rights Association (Second Group). The deputies who did not participate in both groups received the name of the Independent Group as a third group. According to the figures given by Frey, the First Group consisted of 197 members, the Second Group consisted of 118 members and the Independent Group consisted of 122 deputies (Frey, 1965, p. 307). It should be noted that the struggle between these three groups mainly occurred within the Assembly and their reflections to the public was weak.

• The monarchic and theocratic aspect of the political system of the empire was preserved. Islam was accepted as the religion of the empire. Istanbul was declared the capital of the empire.

• The Executive branch consisted of the Sultan and the Cabinet (Heyet-i Vükela). Legal immunity was granted for the Sultan. The Sultan was the head of the cabinet and had the right to appoint and dismiss the members of the cabinet. The cabinet didn’t have to obtain the vote of confidence from the parliament and had no political responsibility.

• The Ottoman Legislature body was composed of two chambers: the Senate (Heyet-i Ayan) and the Chamber of Deputies (Heyet-i Mebusan). The members of the Senate would be appointed for life by the Sultan, while the deputies would be elected by the people through indirect (two-stage) elections in which only property owners were allowed to vote. The right to propose a bill for the General Assembly was firmly restricted and it was subjected to the Sultan’s permission and bills had to be approved by the Sultan in order to come into effect. On the other hand, the Sultan couldn’t enact laws on his own. The Sultan was granted the right to abolish the General Assembly to hold new elections.

the primary objective of the political system consisted of taking measures to prevent the radical transformation of the stratification system and maintaining the status quo. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Ali Fuad Başgil defended nationalism based on liberal and conservative values.

In the 1973 general elections, the CHP was the first party under the leadership of a new leader Bülent Ecevit. However, the CHP alone could not reach enough number of seats in the parliament to form a government. Thus, a coalition government was established between the CHP and the National Salvation Party (Millî Selamet Partisi-MSP).

Platonic State Model: In Plato’s ideal state there are three classes corresponding to three social functions: executives, protectors and producers. Protectors are the backbone of the police. They have a different life order than producers; they identified their assets with the Police. Plato refers to the Myth of Metals (Noble Lie) and he states that each class has an added ore to their soul. The ore of the executive, i.e. the philosopher, is gold. The absence of interference between these classes is a fundamental requirement for the police not to be corrupted or degenerate. Plato, in his book called State, contains very detailed regulations on the social life, education and upbringing of the protectors. The aim is to preserve the internal integrity of the protectors and to prevent the negative change in the Police in this way (Ağaoğulları, 2011, p. 101). In this context, there can be a similarity between the Ottoman military class and the protectors class of Plato.

Secularism is a political doctrine aiming to withdraw religion from political, social and economic life.

The first generation Islamists played a role between 1850-1924 years. The main channel of the first generation Islamists is the magazine of Sırat-ı Müstakim (later called Sebilürreşat) which intellectuals such as Mehmet Akif, Eşref Edip and Babanzade Ahmed Naim published in the Second Constitutional period. In addition, Namık Kemal, Ali Suavi and Said Halim Pasha are among the important thinkers of Islamist thought in this period. 

The correct answer is B. 

The first and a major development towards the secularization of the state, education and law is the abolishment of Sultanate before the declaration of the republic in 1923. In 1922, the Sultanate was abolished in order to remove the dichotomy between the last Ottoman government and the government in Ankara led by Mustafa Kemal. The second major development towards the secularization of the state was the abolishment of the Caliphate, which was a religious position for leading all the Muslims around the world. By the abolishment of the Caliphate, all members of the Osmanoğlu Dynasty were also sent abroad. Third, in 1928, the clause that made Islam the religion of the state of Turkey was removed from the constitution.